Source control in emergency general surgery: WSES, GAIS, SIS-E, SIS-A guidelines

Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0287.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rubulotta FM, Ramsay G, Parker MM, Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Poeze M, et al. An international survey: public awareness and perception of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(1):167–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, Shackelford KA, Tsoi D, Kievlan DR, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sartelli M, Kluger Y, Ansaloni L, Hardcastle TC, Rello J, Watkins RR, et al. Raising concerns about the Sepsis-3 definitions. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;25(13):6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sartelli M, Catena F, Abu-Zidan FM, Ansaloni L, Biffl WL, Boermeester MA, et al. Management of intra-abdominal infections: recommendations by the WSES 2016 consensus conference. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;12:22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sartelli M, Abu-Zidan FM, Catena F, Griffiths EA, Di Saverio S, Coimbra R, et al. Global validation of the WSES Sepsis Severity Score for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections: a prospective multicentre study (WISS Study). World J Emerg Surg: WJES. 2015;10:61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jawad I, Luksic I, Rafnsson SB. Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: global estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality. J Glob Health. 2012;2(1):010404.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kirkpatrick AW, Hamilton DR, McKee JL, MacDonald B, Pelosi P, Ball CG, et al. Do we have the guts to go? The abdominal compartment, intra-abdominal hypertension, the human microbiome and exploration class space missions. Can J Surg. 2020;63(6):E581–93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dellinger EP, Tellado JM, Soto NE, et al. Early antibiotic treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Surg. 2007;245(5):674–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000250414.09255.84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ho VP, Kaafarani H, Rattan R, Namias N, Evans H, Zakrison TL. Sepsis 2019: what surgeons need to know. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2020;21(3):195–204.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Waele JJ. Early source control in sepsis. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2010;395(5):489–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-010-0650-1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jimenez MF, Marshall JC, International Sepsis Forum. Source control in the management of sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(Suppl 1):S49–62.

Rhee C, Jones TM, Hamad Y, Pande A, Varon J, O'Brien C, Anderson DJ, Warren DK, Dantes RB, Epstein L, Klompas M, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention Epicenters Program. Prevalence, underlying causes, and preventability of Sepsis-Associated Mortality in US Acute Care Hospitals. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):e187571.

Ferrer R, Martin-Loeches I, Phillips G, Osborn TM, Townsend S, Dellinger RP, Artigas A, Schorr C, Levy MM. Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(8):1749–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reitz KM, Kennedy J, Li SR, Handzel R, Tonetti DA, Neal MD, Zuckerbraun BS, Hall DE, Sperry JL, Angus DC, Tzeng E, Seymour CW. Association between time to source control in Sepsis and 90-day mortality. JAMA Surg. 2022;13:e222761.

Google Scholar 

Marshall J, Maier RV, Jimenez M, PatchenDellinger E. Source control in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(Suppl.):S513–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blaser AR, Bjorck M, De Keulenaer B, Regli A. Abdominal compliance: a bench-to-bedside review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78(5):1044–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, De Waele J, Laupland K. Is intra-abdominal hypertension a missing factor that drives multiple organ dysfunction syndrome? Crit Care. 2014;18(2):124.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roberts DJ, Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW. Increased pressure within the abdominal compartment: intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;22(2):174–85.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maddison L, Starkopf J, Reintam BA. Mild to moderate intra-abdominal hypertension: does it matter? World J Crit Care Med. 2016;5(1):96–102.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, De Waele J, Jaeschke R, Malbrain ML, De Keulenaer B, et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(7):1190–206.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reintam Blaser A, Regli A, De Keulenaer B, Kimball EJ, Starkopf L, Davis WA, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients—a prospective multicenter study (IROI Study). Crit Care Med. 2019;47(4):535–42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fink MP, Delude RL. Epithelial barrier dysfunction: a unifying theme to explain the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction at the cellular level. Crit Care Clin. 2005;21:177–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clements TW, Tolonen M, Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW. Secondary peritonitis and intra-abdominal sepsis: an increasingly global disease in search of better systemic therapies. Scand J Surg. 2021;110(2):139–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel JJ, Rosenthal MD, Miller KR, Martindale RG. The gut in trauma. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;22(4):339–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kao AM, Cetrulo LN, Baimas-George MR, Prasad T, Heniford BT, Davis BR, Kasten KR. Outcomes of open abdomen versus primary closure following emergent laparotomy for suspected secondary peritonitis: a propensity-matched analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;87(3):623–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaramillo JD, Forrester JD, Spain DA. Source control in Intra-abdominal infections. In: Sartelli M, Coimbra R, Pagani L, Rasa K, editors. Infections in surgery: prevention and management. Hot topics in acute care surgery and trauma. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 115–32.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Calandra T, Cohen J, International Sepsis Forum Definition of Infection in the ICUCC. The international sepsis forum consensus conference on definitions of infection in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(7):1538–48.

Alverdy JC, Hyoju SK, Weigerinck M, Gilbert JA. The gut microbiome and the mechanism of surgical infection. Br J Surg. 2017;104(2):e14–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krezalek MA, DeFazio J, Zaborina O, Zaborin A, Alverdy JC. The Shift of an intestinal “Microbiome” to a “Pathobiome” governs the course and outcome of sepsis following surgical injury. Shock. 2016;45(5):475–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sartelli M, Catena F, Ansaloni L, Coccolini F, Corbella D, Moore EE, et al. Complicated intra-abdominal infections worldwide: the definitive data of the CIAOW Study. World J Emerg Surg: WJES. 2014;9:37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sartelli M, Viale P, Catena F, Ansaloni L, Moore E, Malangoni M, et al. 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg: WJES. 2013;8(1):3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marshall JC, Lowry SF. Evaluation of the adequacy of source control. 1995:329–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79224-3_21.

Schein M, Marshall JC, editors. Source control. Berlin: Springer; 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55914-3.

Book  Google Scholar 

Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, Agastra E, Abu-Zidan FM, Abbas AES, et al. WSES/GAIS/SIS-E/WSIS/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16(1):49.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, Agastra E, Abu-Zidan FM, Abbas AES, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022;17(1):3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sartelli M, Hardcastle TC, Catena F, Chichom-Mefire A, Coccolini F, Dhingra S, Haque M, Hodonou A, Iskandar K, Labricciosa FM, Marmorale C, Sall I, Pagani L. Antibiotic use in low and middle-income countries and the challenges of antimicrobial resistance in surgery. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9(8):497.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB, et al. Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):1996–2005. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411162.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kollef MH, Shorr AF, Bassetti M, Timsit JF, Micek ST, Michelson AP, Garnacho-Montero J. Timing of antibiotic therapy in the ICU. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):360.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shimasaki T, Seekatz A, Bassis C, Rhee Y, Yelin RD, Fogg L, Dangana T, Cisneros EC, Weinstein RA, Okamoto K, Lolans K, Schoeny M, Lin MY, Moore NM, Young VB, Hayden MK, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epicenters Program. Increased relative abundance of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae within the gut microbiota is associated with risk of bloodstream infection in long-term acute care hospital patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(12):2053–9.

Corcione S, Lupia T, Maraolo AE, Mornese Pinna S, Gentile I, De Rosa FG. Carbapenem-sparing strategy: carbapenemase, treatment, and stewardship. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2019;32(6):663–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000598.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif