Submission history

Received: 21 December 2021

Accepted: 11 February 2022

Acknowledgments

We thank Shivani Patel, Owen Sanborn, Haley VanWyk, Alessandro Colarusso, Aiquan Chang, Makda Gebre, Benjamin Chung, Olivia Powers, Mazuba Siamatu for generous advice, assistance, and reagents. We thank Mesoscale Discovery for the ECLA kits.

Funding: We acknowledge support from Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, the National Institutes of Health (CA260476 to D.H.B.), the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, the Musk Foundation, the Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness (MassCPR), and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA; HHSO100201700018C to D.H.B.).

Author Contributions: D.H.B., F.W., R.Z., and H.S. designed the study. X.H., M.A., A.C., J.Y., K.M., C.J.D., J.S.M., C.A., H.W., D.S., J.L., M.L., S.G., E.A.B., J.B., K.A., T.A., and G.A. performed the immunologic assays. F.W., R.Z., and H.S. provided the vaccines. J.Y.O., J.M., A.G., H.A., and M.G.L. led the clinical care of the animals. X.H., M.A., and D.H.B. wrote the paper with all co-authors.

Competing Interests: D.H.B. is a co-inventor on provisional vaccine patents (63/121,482; 63/133,969; 63/135,182 “Compositions and Methods for Preventing and Treating Coronavirus Infection - SARS-COV-2 Vaccines”). F.W., R.Z., and H.S. are employees of Janssen Pharmaceuticals and co-inventors on provisional vaccine patents (63/121,482; 63/133,969; 63/135,182 “Compositions and Methods for Preventing and Treating Coronavirus Infection - SARS-COV-2 Vaccines”).

Data Availability Statement: All data are available in the manuscript and the supplementary material. Materials, including vaccines, will be made available by contacting D.H.B. ([email protected]) and completion of a material transfer agreement. Raw fastq files were uploaded to NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under identifier GSE193264.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. This license does not apply to figures/photos/artwork or other content included in the article that is credited to a third party; obtain authorization from the rights holder before using this material.