Submission history

Received: 25 July 2021

Accepted: 25 January 2022

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to Audrey Kochman and the members of the GRoupe de REcherche Clinique (GREC: Céline Dagot, Farah Pauwels, Fatiha M’Raiagh and Daniel Sperandio) for excellent technical assistance during the collection of the samples. OT is thankful to Lise Siard, Claudine Lecuelle, and Philippe Favre from Eurofins Biomnis for their help during the conduction of the study.

Funding: The study was supported by funding from the Société Francophone de Transplantation (to X.C.), the Hospices civils de Lyon (to M.E.), INSERM (to M.E. and to S.F.-K.), the Etablissement Français du Sang (to O.T.), the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (PME20180639518 to O.T.), the Strasbourg University Hospital (SeroCoV-HUS; PRI 7782 to S.F.-K.), Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (PHRC N 2017-HUS no. 6997 to S.F.-K.), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-CE17-0028 to S.F.-K.), and the Laboratoire d’Excellence TRANSPLANTEX (ANR-11-LABX-0070_TRANSPLANTEX to S.F.-K.).

Author contributions: XC, ME, and OT conceptualized and designed experiments. XC, ME, IB, FH, FB, GGV, MD, PP, AK, NC, CL, LM, EM, SC, and OT acquired the clinical samples. XC, ME, IB, VB, FG, PR, ES, FP, and AO performed the experiments (XC and ME: T cell response; IB, FG, PR, ES, FP: neutralization and anti-nucleocapsid IgG assays; VB: B cell response; AO: anti-RBD IgG assay). XC, ME, IB, AO, SFK, SC and OT analyzed the data. XC and OT wrote the original draft. XC, FH, FB, GGV, MD, PP, AK, NC, CL, FG, LM, PR, EM, TD, SFK, SC and OT reviewed and edited the manuscript.

Competing interests: O.T. participated in advisory boards for Biotest, Novartis, and AstraZeneca and received research grants from Immucor, Biomerieux, and BMS. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Data availability: All data associated with this study are in the paper or supplementary materials.

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