1. Després, JP. Cardiovascular disease under the influence of excess visceral fat. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2007;6:51-59.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Fantuzzi, G, Mazzone, T. Adipose tissue and atherosclerosis: exploring the connection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:996-1003.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Bays, HE. “Sick fat,” metabolic disease, and atherosclerosis. Am J Med. 2009;122:S26-S37.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Mazurek, T, Zhang, L, Zalewski, A, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators. Circulation. 2003;108:2460-2466.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI5. Baker, AR, Silva, NF, Quinn, DW, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue expresses a pathogenic profile of adipocytokines in patients with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006;5:1.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI6. Sacks, HS, Fain, JN. Human epicardial adipose tissue: a review. Am Heart J. 2007;153:907-917.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI7. Selthofer-Relatić, K, Bošnjak, I. Myocardial fat as a part of cardiac visceral adipose tissue: physiological and pathophysiological view. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015;38:933-939.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Iozzo, P. Myocardial, perivascular, and epicardial fat. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(suppl 2):S371-S379.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Samanta, R, Pouliopoulos, J, Thiagalingam, A, Kovoor, P. Role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:311-320.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Iacobellis, G, Malavazos, AE, Corsi, MM. Epicardial fat: from the biomolecular aspects to the clinical practice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2011;43:1651-1654.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI11. Kellman, P, Hernando, D, Arai, AE. Myocardial fat imaging. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep. 2010;3:83-91.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Jacobi, AH, Gohari, A, Zalta, B, Stein, MW, Haramati, LB. Ventricular myocardial fat: CT findings and clinical correlates. J Thorac Imaging. 2007;22:130-135.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI13. Selthofer-Relatić, K, Belovari, T, Bijelić, N, Kibel, A, Rajc, J. Presence of intramyocardial fat tissue in the right atrium and right ventricle – postmortem human analysis. Acta Clin Croat. 2018;57:122-129.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Okura, K, Maeno, K, Okura, S, et al. Pericardial fat volume is an independent risk factor for the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with preserved ejection fraction. J Cardiol. 2015;65:37-41.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. van Woerden, G, Gorter, TM, Westenbrink, BD, Willems, TP, van Veldhuisen, DJ, Rienstra, M. Epicardial fat in heart failure patients with mid-range and preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20:1559-1566.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Wong, CX, Ganesan, AN, Selvanayagam, JB. Epicardial fat and atrial fibrillation: current evidence, potential mechanisms, clinical implications, and future directions. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:1294-1302.
Google Scholar | Medline17. Greenstein, AS, Khavandi, K, Withers, SB, et al. Local inflammation and hypoxia abolish the protective anticontractile properties of perivascular fat in obese patients. Circulation. 2009;119:1661-1670.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI18. Sacks, HS, Fain, JN, Cheema, P, et al. Inflammatory genes in epicardial fat contiguous with coronary atherosclerosis in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: changes associated with pioglitazone. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:730-733.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Ritchie, RH. Evidence for a causal role of oxidative stress in the myocardial complications of insulin resistance. Heart Lung Circ. 2009;18:11-18.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Gastaldelli, A, Basta, G. Ectopic fat and cardiovascular disease: what is the link? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;20:481-490.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI21. Iacobellis, G, Corradi, D, Sharma, AM. Epicardial adipose tissue: anatomic, biomolecular and clinical relationships with the heart. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2005;2:536-543.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Bai, Y, Sun, Q. Macrophage recruitment in obese adipose tissue. Obes Rev. 2015;16:127-136.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Cinti, S, Mitchell, G, Barbatelli, G, et al. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res. 2005;46:2347-2355.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI24. Suganami, T, Nishida, J, Ogawa, Y. A paracrine loop between adipocytes and macrophages aggravates inflammatory changes: role of free fatty acids and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:2062-2068.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI25. Ouchi, N, Parker, JL, Lugus, JJ, Walsh, K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:85-97.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. Corradi, D, Maestri, R, Callegari, S, et al. The ventricular epicardial fat is related to the myocardial mass in normal, ischemic and hypertrophic hearts. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2004;13:313-316.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Hellerstein, HK, Santiago-Stevenson, D. Atrophy of the heart: a correlative study of eighty-five proved cases. Circulation. 1950;1:93-126.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Bjørnstad, PG, Foerster, A, Ihlen, H. Cardiac findings in generalized lipodystrophy. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1996;413:39-43.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Nelson, MD, Victor, RG, Szczepaniak, EW, Simha, V, Garg, A, Szczepaniak, LS. Cardiac steatosis and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with generalized lipodystrophy as determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1019-1024.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI30. Sjöström, M, Wretling, ML, Karlberg, I, Edén, E, Lundholm, K. Ultrastructural changes and enzyme activities for energy production in hearts concomitant with tumor-associated malnutrition. J Surg Res. 1987;42:304-313.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Mühlfeld, C, Das, SK, Heinzel, FR, et al. Cancer induces cardiomyocyte remodeling and hypoinnervation in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. PLoS One. 2011;6:e20424.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Cosper, PF, Leinwand, LA. Cancer causes cardiac atrophy and autophagy in a sexually dimorphic manner. Cancer Res. 2010;71:1710-1720.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Evans, WJ, Morley, JE, Argilés, J, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:793-799.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI34. Maillard, F, Pereira, B, Boisseau, N. Author’s reply to Andreato et al. Comment on: “effect of high-intensity interval training on total, abdominal and visceral fat mass: a meta-analysis”. Sports Med. 2018;48:2417-2420.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Selthofer-Relatić, K, Kibel, A, Delić-Brkljačić, D, Bošnjak, I. Cardiac obesity and cardiac cachexia: is there a pathophysiological link? J Obes. 2019;2019:9854085.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Kenchaiah, S, Pocock, SJ, Wang, D, et al. Body mass index and prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure: insights from the Candesartan in heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Circulation. 2007;116:627-636.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI37. Okoshi, MP, Capalbo, RV, Romeiro, FG, Okoshi, K. Cardiac cachexia: perspectives for prevention and treatment. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;108:74-80.
Google Scholar | Medline38. Horwich, TB, Fonarow, GC, Hamilton, MA, MacLellan, WR, Woo, MA, Tillisch, JH. The relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:789-795.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI39. Ghio, S, Gavazzi, A, Campana, C, et al. Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:183-188.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI40. Melenovsky, V, Kotrc, M, Borlaug, BA, et al. Relationships between right ventricular function, body composition, and prognosis in advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1660-1670.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI41. Florea, VG, Moon, J, Pennell, DJ, Doehner, W, Coats, AJ, Anker, SD. Wasting of the left ventricle in patients with cardiac cachexia: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97:15-20.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. Francone, M. Role of cardiac magnetic resonance in the evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy: diagnostic contribution and prognostic significance. ISRN Radiol. 2014;2014:365404.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Iacobellis, G, Assael, F, Ribaudo, MC, et al. Epicardial fat from echocardiography: a new method for visceral adipose tissue prediction. Obes Res. 2003;11:304-310.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline44. Mookadam, F, Goel, R, Alharthi, MS, Jiamsripong, P, Cha, S. Epicardial fat and its association with cardiovascular risk: a cross-sectional observational study. Heart Views. 2010;11:103-108.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline45. Jeong, JW, Jeong, MH, Yun, KH, et al. Echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness and coronary artery disease. Circ J. 2007;71:536-539.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI46. Ahn, SG, Lim, HS, Joe, DY, et al. Relationship of epicardial adipose tissue by echocardiography to coronary artery disease. Heart. 2008;94:e7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI47. Nelson, MR, Mookadam, F, Thota, V, et al. Epicardial fat: an additional measurement for subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk stratification? J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011;24:339-345.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |