Emerging role of sialylation in cancer therapy resistance: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications

ALK

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase

BACE1

Beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme

BCP-ALL

B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias

BRCA1

Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein

CAR

Chimeric antigen receptor

CMAS

Cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase

CML

Chronic myeloid leukemia

CMP-Neu5Ac

Cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid

CTLA4

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4

EGFR

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EMT

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

ERK

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

FGF19

Fibroblast growth factor 19

FGFR-1

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1

GalNAc

N-acetylgalactosamine

GNE

Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase

HCC

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HER2

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

HGSC

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma

ICB

Immune Checkpoint Blockade

MAbs

Monoclonal antibodies

Neu5AC

N-acetylneuraminic acid

NSCLC

Non-small cell lung cancer

P-3Fax-Neu5Ac

Peracetylated-3Fax-Neu5Ac

PD-1

Programmed cell death protein 1

PD-L1

Programmed death-ligand 1

PDAC

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Siglecs

Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins

SLeA/CA19-9

Sialyl Lewis A

SSEA-4

Stage-specific embryonic antigen 4

TAMs

Tumour-associated macrophages

TGF-β1

Transforming growth factor beta 1

TINCR

Terminal differentiation-induced non-coding RNA

TKI

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

TNBC

Triple-negative breast cancer

TNFR1

Tumour necrosis factor receptor 1

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