As climate warming continues, impacts on arboviral diseases occur at all biological scales, from molecules and cells to ecosystems 1, 2. Arboviruses are a significant global concern due to their impact on public health and the economy. These pathogens belong to various families, including Flaviviridae (e.g. dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus), Togaviridae (e.g. chikungunya virus, eastern equine encephalitis viruses), and Bunyaviridae (e.g. Rift Valley fever virus), among others. The diseases caused by arboviruses can range from mild, self-limiting illnesses to severe, life-threatening conditions. Their epidemic potential and ability to spread to new geographic areas make them of particular concern for global health security. Climate change has the potential to significantly alter the distribution and abundance of arthropod vectors and their capacity to transmit arboviruses. As global temperatures rise, regions and seasons that were previously too cool for arbovirus vectors will become more hospitable, potentially expanding their range and leading to novel species interactions [3,4]. Changes in precipitation patterns can create new breeding sites or enhance existing ones, leading to increased vector populations. Climate change is expected to impose strong selection pressure on fitness-related traits 5, 6. Temperature also affects the physiological traits of vectors and pathogens that affect transmission [6]. Yet, most future projections of arboviruses and their vectors do not connect climate change across scales from molecular-level changes to community-level impacts.

Temperature affects numerous biological processes in vectors, including growth, survival, biting rate, reproductive rate, and the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) of the virus, all of which contribute to the nonlinear relationship between temperature and transmission intensity 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. The relationship between climate change and vector-borne diseases is further influenced by factors, such as land use changes, human mobility, and public health infrastructure. Socioenvironmental and climatic changes have reshaped the dynamics and distributions of infectious diseases, particularly those transmitted by vectors that have adapted well to urbanized landscapes (e.g. dengue, chikungunya, and Zika [12]). Understanding the intricate relationship between climate change, vector and arbovirus ecology and evolution, and transmission is vital for predicting future disease risks and developing effective mitigation strategies.

Here, we focus on climate change factors that can impact arboviruses and their mosquito vectors at different levels of biological organization and their consequences for transmission. We examine (1) the impacts of temperature on molecular and cellular factors; (2) the impact of life history, vector competence, and behavior on the fitness of arboviral vectors; and (3) the role of species interactions and community composition in cross-species transmission.