The datasets used in this article are publicly available from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (https://seer.cancer.gov/data-software/), Washington University in St. Louis Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group (https://sites.wustl.edu/acag/datasets/surface-pm2-5/), National Aeronautics and Space Administration Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/aqdh-no2-concentrations-contiguous-us-1-km-2000–2016; https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/aqdh-o3-concentrations-contiguous-us-1-km-v1-10–2000–2016), Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (https://www.mtbs.gov/), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Population Level Analysis and Community Estimates (https://www.cdc.gov/places/index.html). Data analysis scripts that generated the results are available upon request.

© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.