Lu K, Sui J, Yu W, Chen Y, Hou Z, Li P, et al. An analysis of the burden of liver cirrhosis: differences between the global, China, the United States and India. Liver Int. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.16087
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Long L, Li H, Deng G, Wang X, Lu S, Li B, et al. Impact of hepatic encephalopathy on clinical characteristics and adverse outcomes in prospective and multicenter cohorts of patients with acute-on-chronic liver diseases. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:709884
Liu Z, Liang Q, Ren Y, Guo C, Ge X, Wang L, et al. Immunosenescence: molecular mechanisms and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:200
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kadambari S, Klenerman P, Pollard AJ. Why the elderly appear to be more severely affected by COVID-19: the potential role of immunosenescence and CMV. Rev Med Virol. 2020;30:e2144
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Falcone M, Bauer M, Ferrer R, Gavazzi G, Gonzalez Del Castillo J, Pilotto A, et al. Biomarkers for risk stratification and antibiotic stewardship in elderly patients. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023;35:925–935
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gu WY, Xu BY, Zheng X, Chen J, Wang XB, Huang Y, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in China: rationale for developing a patient registry and baseline characteristics. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187:1829–1839
Zou J, Li H, Deng G, Wang X, Zheng X, Chen J, et al. A novel prognostic nomogram for older patients with acute-on-chronic liver diseases (AoCLD): a nationwide, multicentre, prospective cohort study. Age Ageing. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac313
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, Pavesi M, Angeli P, Cordoba J, Durand F, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1426–1437, 1437 e1421–1429
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol. 2023;79:461–491
Cardoso T, Almeida M, Friedman ND, Aragão I, Costa-Pereira A, Sarmento AE, et al. Classification of healthcare-associated infection: a systematic review 10 years after the first proposal. BMC Med. 2014;12:40
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Baron EJ, Miller JM, Weinstein MP, Richter SS, Gilligan PH, Thomson RB Jr, et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)(a). Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:e22–e121
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
PRC NHCot. Specimen collection and transport in clinical microbiology. People's Republic of China HealthIndustry Standard. 2018
Riley RD, Ensor J, Snell KIE, Harrell FE Jr, Martin GP, Reitsma JB, et al. Calculating the sample size required for developing a clinical prediction model. BMJ. 2020;368:m441
Siddiqui MS, Yamada G, Vuppalanchi R, Van Natta M, Loomba R, Guy C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive fibrosis models to detect change in fibrosis stage. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17:1877-1885.e1875
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Harrison SA, Ratziu V, Boursier J, Francque S, Bedossa P, Majd Z, et al. A blood-based biomarker panel (NIS4) for non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis: a prospective derivation and global validation study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5:970–985
Loonen AJ, de Jager CP, Tosserams J, Kusters R, Hilbink M, Wever PC, et al. Biomarkers and molecular analysis to improve bloodstream infection diagnostics in an emergency care unit. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e87315
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Arulappen AL, Danial M, Ng LW, Teoh JC. The impact of antibiotics administration on mortality for time in sepsis and septic shock patients including possible reasons for delayed administration in Malaysia. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091202
Papp M, Vitalis Z, Altorjay I, Tornai I, Udvardy M, Harsfalvi J, et al. Acute phase proteins in the diagnosis and prediction of cirrhosis associated bacterial infections. Liver Int. 2012;32:603–611
Santos S, Mattos AA, Guimarães MM, Boger BS, Coral GP. Alcohol consumption influences clinical outcome in patients admitted to a referral center for liver disease. Ann Hepatol. 2018;17:470–475
Rao R. Endotoxemia and gut barrier dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 2009;50:638–644
Chan C, Levitsky J. Infection and alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20:595–606
Dufour MC, Archer L, Gordis E. Alcohol and the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 1992;8:127–141
Seitz HK, Stickel F. Alcoholic liver disease in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2007;23:905–921
Arvaniti V, D’Amico G, Fede G, Manousou P, Tsochatzis E, Pleguezuelo M, et al. Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(1246–1256):1256.e1241–1245
Leber B, Spindelboeck W, Stadlbauer V. Infectious complications of acute and chronic liver disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;33:80–95
Piano S, Singh V, Caraceni P, Maiwall R, Alessandria C, Fernandez J, et al. Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:1368–1380
von Baum H, Welte T, Marre R, Suttorp N, Ewig S. Community-acquired pneumonia through Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: diagnosis, incidence and predictors. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:598–605
Priyanka HP, Nair RS. Neuroimmunomodulation by estrogen in health and disease. AIMS Neurosci. 2020;7:401–417
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Walecki M, Eisel F, Klug J, Baal N, Paradowska-Dogan A, Wahle E, et al. Androgen receptor modulates Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2015;26:2845–2857
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen R, Zou J, Chen J, Wang L, Kang R, Tang D. Immune aging and infectious diseases. Chin Med J (Engl). 2024;137:3010–3049
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Orzołek I, Sobieraj J, Domagała-Kulawik J. Estrogens, cancer and immunity. Cancers (Basel). 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092265
Vancolen S, Sébire G, Robaire B. Influence of androgens on the innate immune system. Andrology. 2023;11:1237–1244
Hreha TN, Collins CA, Cole EB, Jin RJ, Hunstad DA. Androgen exposure impairs neutrophil maturation and function within the infected kidney. MBio. 2024;15: e0317023
Nanchal RS, Ahmad S. Infections in liver disease. Crit Care Clin. 2016;32:411–424
Lin KH, Wang FL, Wu MS, Jiang BY, Kao WL, Chao HY, et al. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;80:72–78
Zhang Z, Ma K, Yang Z, Cheng Q, Hu X, Liu M, et al. Development and validation of a clinical predictive model for bacterial infection in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;10:1347–1361
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Investig. 2003;111:1805–1812
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Robinson MW, Harmon C, O’Farrelly C. Liver immunology and its role in inflammation and homeostasis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2016;13:267–276
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Patel VC, Williams R. Antimicrobial resistance in chronic liver disease. Hepatol Int. 2020;14:24–34
Lin S, Yan YY, Wu YL, Wang MF, Zhu YY, Wang XZ. Development of a novel score for the diagnosis of bacterial infection in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26:4857–4865
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Yang Z, Cheng Q, Hu X, Liu M, Liu Y, et al. Establishment and validation of a prognostic model for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patients with bacterial infection. Hepatol Int. 2022;16:38–47
Comments (0)