The ADNI is a multisite initiative to prevent and treat AD. The MRI and CSF biomarkers, as well as the clinical data used in the present study, are available under the ADNI data-sharing policy (https://adni.loni.usc.edu/). The analysis codes are available in (https://github.com/mohammadakradi/ADSDB/tree/main).

© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.