Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Miller KD, et al. Breast cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(6):524–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gatti-Mays ME, Balko JM, Gameiro SR, et al. If we build it they will come: targeting the immune response to breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019;5:37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwa MJ, Adams S. Checkpoint inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): where to go from here. Cancer. 2018;124(10):2086–103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Safonov A, Jiang T, Bianchini G, et al. Immune gene expression is associated with genomic aberrations in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2017;77(12):3317–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vonderheide RH, Domchek SM, Clark AS. Immunotherapy for breast cancer: What are we missing? Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(11):2640–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ali HR, Glont SE, Blows FM, et al. PD-L1 protein expression in breast cancer is rare, enriched in basal-like tumours and associated with infiltrating lymphocytes. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(7):1488–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mediratta K, El-Sahli S, D’Costa V, Wang L. Current progresses and challenges of immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(12):3529.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nanda R, Chow LQ, Dees EC, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer: phase Ib KEYNOTE-012 study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(21):2460–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adams S, Schmid P, Rugo HS, et al. Pembrolizumab monotherapy for previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: cohort A of the phase II KEYNOTE-086 study. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(3):397–404.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams S, Loi S, Toppmeyer D, et al. Pembrolizumab monotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-positive, metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: cohort B of the phase II KEYNOTE-086 study. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(3):405–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Emens LA, Cruz C, Eder JP, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes and biomarker analyses of atezolizumab therapy for patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a phase 1 study. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(1):74–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dirix LY, Takacs I, Jerusalem G, et al. Avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer: a phase 1b JAVELIN Solid Tumor study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;167(3):671–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bian L, Zhang H, Wang T, et al. JS001, an anti-PD-1 mAb for advanced triple negative breast cancer patients after multi-line systemic therapy in a phase I trial. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(18):435.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Winer EP, Lipatov O, Im SA, et al. Pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (KEYNOTE-119): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(4):499–511.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galluzzi L, Humeau J, Buqué A, et al. Immunostimulation with chemotherapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020;17(12):725–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmid P, Adams S, Rugo HS, et al. Atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel in advanced triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2108–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Narayan P, Wahby S, Gao JJ, et al. FDA approval summary: atezolizumab plus paclitaxel protein-bound for the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic TNBC whose tumors express PD-L1. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26:2284–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Emens LA, Adams S, Barrios CH, et al. LBA16 IMpassion130: final OS analysis from the pivotal phase III study of atezolizumab + nab-paclitaxel vs placebo + nab-paclitaxel in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:S1148.

Article  Google Scholar 

Miles D, Gligorov J, André F, et al. Primary results from IMpassion131, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase III trial of first-line paclitaxel with or without atezolizumab for unresectable locally advanced/ metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(8):994–1004.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roche. Roche provides update on Tecentriq US indication for PD-L1-positive metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. GlobeNewswire. 2021. Accessed [April 23, 2025]. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/08/27/2287799/0/en/Roche-provides-update-on-Tecentriq-US-indication-for-PD-L1-positive-metastatic-triple-negative-breast-cancer.html.

Zhang Y, Chen H, Mo H, et al. Single-cell analyses reveal key immune cell subsets associated with response to PD-L1 blockade in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2021;39(12):1578-1593.e8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dent R, André F, Gonçalves A, et al. IMpassion132 double-blind randomised phase III trial of chemotherapy with or without atezolizumab for early relapsing unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2024;35(7):630–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cortes J, Rugo HS, Cescon DW, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in advanced triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):217–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang Z, Ouyang Q, Sun T, et al. Toripalimab plus nab-paclitaxel in metastatic or recurrent triple-negative breast cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(1):249–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pasquier E, Kavallaris M, André N. Metronomic chemotherapy: new rationale for new directions. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010;7(8):455–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

André N, Carré M, Pasquier E. Metronomics: towards personalized chemotherapy? Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11(7):413–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Orecchioni S, Talarico G, Labanca V, et al. Vinorelbine, cyclophosphamide and 5-FU effects on the circulating and intratumoural landscape of immune cells improve anti-PD-L1 efficacy in preclinical models of breast cancer and lymphoma. Br J Cancer. 2018;118(10):1329–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Munzone E, Regan MM, Cinieri S, et al. Efficacy of metronomic oral vinorelbine, cyclophosphamide, and capecitabine vs weekly intravenous paclitaxel in patients with estrogen receptor-positive, ERBB2-negative metastatic breast cancer: final results from the phase 2 METEORA-II randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9(9):1267–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mo H, Yu Y, Sun X, et al. Metronomic chemotherapy plus anti-PD-1 in metastatic breast cancer: a Bayesian adaptive randomized phase 2 trial. Nat Med. (Published online July 5, 2024)

Rugo HS, Delord JP, Im SA, et al. Safety and antitumor activity of pembrolizumab in patients with estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(12):2804–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pérez-García JM, Llombart-Cussac A, Cortés MG, et al. Pembrolizumab plus eribulin in hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative, locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer (KELLY): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase II trial. Eur J Cancer. 2021;148:382–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tolaney SM, Barroso-Sousa R, Keenan T, et al. Effect of eribulin with or without pembrolizumab on progression-free survival for patients with hormone receptor-positive, ERBB2-Negative metastatic breast cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6:1598–605.