Debette S, Compter A, Labeyrie MA, Uyttenboogaart M, Metso TM, Majersik JJ, Goeggel-Simonetti B, Engelter ST, Pezzini A, Bijlenga P, Southerland AM, Naggara O, Béjot Y, Cole JW, Ducros A, Giacalone G, Schilling S, Reiner P, Sarikaya H, Welleweerd JC, Kappelle LJ, de Borst GJ, Bonati LH, Jung S, Thijs V, Martin JJ, Brandt T, Grond-Ginsbach C, Kloss M, Mizutani T, Minematsu K, Meschia JF, Pereira VM, Bersano A, Touzé E, Lyrer PA, Leys D, Chabriat H, Markus HS, Worrall BB, Chabrier S, Baumgartner R, Stapf C, Tatlisumak T, Arnold M, Bousser MG (2015) Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of intracranial artery dissection. Lancet Neurol 14(6):640–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00009-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yonas H, Agamanolis D, Takaoka Y, White RJ (1977) Dissecting intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol 8:407–415

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams HP Jr, Aschenbrener CA, Kassell NF, Ansbacher L, Cornell SH (1982) Intracranial hemorrhage produced by spontaneous dissecting intracranial aneurysm. Arch Neurol 39:773–776

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bejot Y, Daubail B, Debette S, Durier J, Giroud M (2014) Incidence and outcome of cerebrovascular events related to cervical artery dissection: the Dijon stroke registry. Int J Stroke 9:879–882

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee VH, Brown RD Jr, Mandrekar JN, Mokri B (2006) Incidence and outcome of cervical artery dissection: a population-based study. Neurology 67:1809–1812

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arnold M, Bousser MG, Fahrni G et al (2006) Vertebral artery dissection: presenting Fi Ndings and predictors of outcome. Stroke 37:2499–2503

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kwak JH, Choi JW, Park HJ et al (2011) Cerebral artery dissection: spectrum of clinical presentations related to angiographic findings. Neurointervention 6:78–83

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim BM, Kim SH, Kim DI et al (2011) Outcomes and prognostic factors of intracranial unruptured vertebrobasilar artery dissection. Neurology 76:1735–1741

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakajima S, Tsukahara T, Minematsu K (2010) A study of vertebrobasilar artery dissection with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl 107:45–49

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Songsaeng D, Srivatanakul K, Krings T, Geibprasert S, Ozanne A, Lasjaunias P (2010) Symptomatic spontaneous vertebrobasilar dissections in children: review of 29 consecutive cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr 6:233–243

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim BM, Shin YS, Kim SH et al (2011) Incidence and risk factors of recurrence after endovascular treatment of intracranial vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms. Stroke 42:2425–2430

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walmsley JG, Canham PB (1979) Orientation of nuclei as indicators of smooth muscle cell alignment in the cerebral artery. Blood Vessels 16:43–51

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee RM (1995) Morphology of cerebral arteries. Pharmacol Ther 66:149–173

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilkinson IM (1972) The vertebral artery. Extracranial and intracranial structure. Arch Neurol 27:392–396

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masuoka T, Hayashi N, Hori E, Kuwayama N, Ohtani O, Endo S (2010) Distribution of internal elastic lamina and external elastic lamina in the internal carotid artery: possible relationship with atherosclerosis. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 50:179–182

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krings T, Choi IS (2010) The many faces of intracranial arterial dissections. Interv Neuroradiol 16(2):151–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/159101991001600206

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mizutani T, Aruga T, Kirino T, Miki Y, Saito I, Tsuchida T (1995) Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage from untreated ruptured vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms. Neurosurgery 36(5):905–913. https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199505000-00003

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamada M, Kitahara T, Kurata A, Fujii K, Miyasaka Y (2004) Intracranial vertebral artery dissection with subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical characteristics and outcomes in conservatively treated patients. J Neurosurg 101(1):25–30. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.101.1.0025

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ali AS, Amenta PS, Starke RM, Jabbour PM, Gonzalez LF, Tjoumakaris SI et al (2012) Intracranial vertebral artery dissections: evolving perspectives. Interv Neuroradiol 18:469–483

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Er U, Fraser K, Lanzino G (2008) The anterior spinal artery origin: a microanatomical study. Spinal Cord 46(1):45–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3102060

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marinkovi´c S, Milisavljevi´c M, Gibo H, Malikovi´c A, Djuleji´c V (2004) Microsurgical anatomy of the perforating branches of the vertebral artery. Surg Neurol 61:190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(03)00577-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ro A, Kageyama N (2013) Pathomorphometry of ruptured intracranial vertebral arterial dissection: adventitial rupture, dilated lesion, intimal tear, and medial defect. J Neurosurg 119(1):221–227. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Volker W, Dittrich R, Grewe S et al (2011) The outer arterial wall layers areprimarily affected in spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Neurology 76(17):1463–1471

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sato T, Sasaki T, Suzuki K, Matsumoto M, Kodama N, Hiraiwa K (2004) Histological studyof the normal vertebral artery—etiology of dissecting aneurysms. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 44(12):629–635. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.44.629

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaalala C, El Hage G, Gilbert V, Martin T, Iancu D, Labidi M, Bojanowski MW (2024) Spontaneous intracranial vertebral artery dissections presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurochirurgie 70(3):101526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2023.101526

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakazawa T, Takeichi Y, Yokoi T, Fukami T, Jito J, Nitta N, Takagi K, Nozaki K (2011) Treatment of spontaneous intradural vertebral artery dissections. Neuroradiol J 24(5):699–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/197140091102400506

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aoki N, Sakai T, Stroke (1990);21(November (11)):1628–1631. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.21.11.1628

Mitra A, Shlobin NA, Azad HA, Prasad N, Potts MB, Dahdaleh NS (2021) Vertebral artery dissections with concurrent intracranial hemorrhage: a case series of 13 patients among a cohort of 301. World Neurosurg 149(May):e1128–e1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.12.118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kocaeli H, Chaalala C, Andaluz N, Zuccarello M (2009) Spontaneous intradural vertebral artery dissection: a single-center experience and review of the literature. Skull Base 19(3):209–218. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1114296

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Endo S, Nishijima M, Nomura H, Takaku A, Okada E (1993) A pathological study of intracranial posterior circulation dissecting aneurysms with subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of three autopsied cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 33(4):732–738

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bond KM, Krings T, Lanzino G, Brinjikji W (2021) Intracranial dissections: A pictorial review of pathophysiology, imaging features, and natural history. J Neuroradiol 48(3):176–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurad.2020.03.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mizutani T, Miki Y, Kojima H, Suzuki H (1999) Proposed classification of nonatherosclerotic cerebral fusiform and dissecting aneurysms. Neurosurgery 45(2):253–259

Article  CAS