Ajithkumar T, Parkinson C, Fife K, Corrie P, Jefferies S (2015) Evolving treatment options for melanoma brain metastases. Lancet Oncol 16(13):e486–497

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vogelbaum MA, Brown PD, Messersmith H, Brastianos PK, Burri S, Cahill D, Dunn IF, Gaspar LE, Gatson NTN, Gondi V et al (2022) Treatment for brain metastases: ASCO-SNO-ASTRO guideline. J Clin Oncol 40(5):492–516

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kennedy WR, DeWees TA, Acharya S, Mahmood M, Knutson NC, Goddu SM, Kavanaugh JA, Mitchell TJ, Rich KM, Kim AH et al (2020) Internal dose escalation associated with increased local control for melanoma brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 135(3):855–861

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shanker MD, Garimall S, Gatt N, Foley H, Crowley S, Le Cornu E, Muscat K, Soon W, Atkinson V, Xu W et al (2022) Stereotactic radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases: concurrent immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy associated with superior clinicoradiological response outcomes. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 66(4):536–545

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bagshaw HP, Ly D, Suneja G, Jensen RL, Shrieve DC (2016) Local control of melanoma brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. J Radiosurg SBRT 4(3):181–190

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kondziolka D, Bernstein M, Resch L, Tator CH, Fleming JF, Vanderlinden RG, Schutz H (1987) Significance of hemorrhage into brain tumors: clinicopathological study. J Neurosurg 67(6):852–857

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alvarado G, Noor R, Bassett R, Papadopoulos NE, Kim KB, Hwu WJ, Bedikian A, Patel S, Hwu P, Davies MA (2012) Risk of intracranial hemorrhage with anticoagulation therapy in melanoma patients with brain metastases. Melanoma Res 22(4):310–315

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raizer JJ, Hwu WJ, Panageas KS, Wilton A, Baldwin DE, Bailey E, von Althann C, Lamb LA, Alvarado G, Bilsky MH et al (2008) Brain and leptomeningeal metastases from cutaneous melanoma: survival outcomes based on clinical features. Neuro Oncol 10(2):199–207

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghia AJ, Tward JD, Anker CJ, Boucher KM, Jensen RL, Shrieve DC (2014) Radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases: the impact of hemorrhage on local control. J Radiosurg SBRT 3(1):43–50

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McKenzie G, Gaskins J, Rattani A, Oliver A, Southall W, Nakamura F, Yusuf M, Mistry A, Williams B, Woo S (2022) Radiosurgery fractionation and post-treatment hemorrhage development for intact melanoma brain metastases. J Neurooncol 160(3):591–599

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hong S, Bouchal SM, Bauman MMJ, Riviere-Cazaux C, Pumford AD, Brown PD, Yan ES, Stafford SL, Markovic SN, Link MJ et al (2024) The longitudinal risk of hemorrhage of melanoma brain metastases after Gamma Knife radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 140(4):938–948

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suzuki H, Toyoda S, Muramatsu M, Shimizu T, Kojima T, Taki W (2003) Spontaneous haemorrhage into metastatic brain tumours after stereotactic radiosurgery using a linear accelerator. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(7):908–912

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mathieu D, Kondziolka D, Cooper PB, Flickinger JC, Niranjan A, Agarwala S, Kirkwood J, Lunsford LD (2007) Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of malignant melanoma brain metastases. Neurosurgery 60(3):471–481

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neal MT, Chan MD, Lucas JT Jr., Loganathan A, Dillingham C, Pan E, JHt S, Bourland JD, Shaw EG, Tatter SB et al (2014) Predictors of survival, neurologic death, local failure, and distant failure after gamma knife radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases. World Neurosurg 82(6):1250–1255

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsunaga S, Shuto T, Yamamoto M, Yomo S, Kondoh T, Kobayashi T, Sato M, Okamoto H, Serizawa T, Nagano O et al (2018) Gamma knife radiosurgery for metastatic brain tumors from malignant melanomas: a japanese multi-institutional cooperative and retrospective cohort study (JLGK1501). Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 96(3):162–171

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer-Nilsen K, Trifiletti DM, Chatrath A, Ruiz-Garcia H, Marchan E, Peterson J, May BC, Sheehan JP (2018) Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from malignant melanoma and the impact of hemorrhagic metastases. J Neurooncol 140(1):83–88

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diao K, Bian SX, Routman DM, Yu C, Kim PE, Wagle NA, Wong MK, Zada G, Chang EL (2018) Combination ipilimumab and radiosurgery for brain metastases: tumor, edema, and adverse radiation effects. J Neurosurg 129(6):1397–1406

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bodensohn R, Werner S, Reis J, Pazos Escudero M, Kaempfel AL, Hadi I, Forbrig R, Manapov F, Corradini S, Belka C et al (2023) Stereotactic radiosurgery and combined immune checkpoint therapy with ipilimumab and nivolumab in patients with melanoma brain metastases: a retrospective monocentric toxicity analysis. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 39:100573

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Badrigilan S, Meola A, Chang SD, Rezaeian S, Nemati H, Almasi T, Rostampour N (2023) Stereotactic radiosurgery with immune checkpoint inhibitors for brain metastases: a meta-analysis study. Br J Neurosurg 37(6):1533–1543

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel KR, Shoukat S, Oliver DE, Chowdhary M, Rizzo M, Lawson DH, Khosa F, Liu Y, Khan MK (2017) Ipilimumab and stereotactic radiosurgery versus stereotactic radiosurgery alone for newly diagnosed melanoma brain metastases. Am J Clin Oncol 40(5):444–450

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathew M, Tam M, Ott PA, Pavlick AC, Rush SC, Donahue BR, Golfinos JG, Parker EC, Huang PP, Narayana A (2013) Ipilimumab in melanoma with limited brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Melanoma Res 23(3):191–195

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ly D, Bagshaw HP, Anker CJ, Tward JD, Grossmann KF, Jensen RL, Shrieve DC (2015) Local control after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases in patients with melanoma with and without BRAF mutation and treatment. J Neurosurg 123(2):395–401

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan M, Zheng T, Zhao Z, Arooj S, Liao G (2020) Efficacy of BRAF inhibitors in combination with stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of melanoma brain metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 10:586029

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zoga E, Wolff R, Ackermann H, Meissner M, Rodel C, Tselis N, Chatzikonstantinou G (2022) Factors associated with hemorrhage of melanoma brain metastases after stereotactic radiosurgery in the era of targeted/immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. Cancers 14(10)

Lin NU, Lee EQ, Aoyama H, Barani IJ, Barboriak DP, Baumert BG, Bendszus M, Brown PD, Camidge DR, Chang SM et al (2015) Response assessment criteria for brain metastases: proposal from the RANO group. Lancet Oncol 16(6):e270–e278

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Withers HR (1985) Biologic basis for altered fractionation schemes. Cancer 55(9):2086–2095

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bentzen SM, Tucker SL (1997) Quantifying the position and steepness of radiation dose-response curves. Int J Radiat Biol 71(5):531–542

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fowler JF (1989) The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 62(740):679–694

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jablonska PA, Muniz T, Ribeiro M, Liu ZA, Ye XY, Devaraja K, Laperriere N, Millar BA, Conrad T, Kongkham P et al (2023) Toxicity and outcomes of melanoma brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery: the risk of subsequent symptomatic intralesional hemorrhage exceeds that of radiation necrosis. J Neurooncol 164(1):199–209

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaidar-Person O, Zagar TM, Deal A, Moschos SJ, Ewend MG, Sasaki-Adams D, Lee CB, Collichio FA, Fried D, Marks LB et al (2017) The incidence of radiation necrosis following stereotactic radiotherapy for melanoma brain metastases: the potential impact of immunotherapy. Anticancer Drugs 28(6):669–675

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kiess AP, Wolchok JD, Barker CA, Postow MA, Tabar V, Huse JT, Chan TA, Yamada Y, Beal K (2015) Stereotactic radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases in patients receiving ipilimumab: safety profile and efficacy of combined treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 92(2):368–375

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liermann J, Winkler JK, Syed M, Neuberger U, Reuss D, Harrabi S, Naumann P, Ristau J, Weykamp F, El Shafie RA et al (2020) Stereotactic radiosurgery with concurrent immunotherapy in melanoma brain metastases is feasible and effective. Front Oncol 10:592796

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thompson JF, Williams GJ, Hong AM (2022) Radiation therapy for melanoma brain metastases: a systematic review. Radiol Oncol 56(3):267–284

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gatterbauer B, Hirschmann D, Eberherr N, Untersteiner H, Cho A, Shaltout A, Gobl P, Fitschek F, Dorfer C, Wolfsberger S et al (2020) Toxicity and efficacy of gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases in melanoma patients treated with immunotherapy or targeted therapy—A retrospective cohort study. Cancer Med 9(11):4026–4036

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lehrer EJ, Gurewitz J, Bernstein K, Kondziolka D, Fakhoury KR, Rusthoven CG, Niranjan A, Wei Z, Lunsford LD, Malouff TD et al (2022) Concurrent administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors and stereotactic radiosurgery is well-tolerated in patients with melanoma brain metastases: an international multicenter study of 203 patients. Neurosurgery 91(6):872–882

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carron R, Gaudy-Marqueste C, Amatore F, Padovani L, Malissen N, Balossier A, Loundou A, Bonnet N, Muracciole X, Regis JM et al (2020) Stereotactic radiosurgery combined with anti-PD1 for the management of melanoma brain metastases: a retrospective study of safety and efficacy. Eur J Cancer 135:52–61

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed KA, Abuodeh YA, Echevarria MI, Arrington JA, Stallworth DG, Hogue C, Nagha