Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferlay JE, Lam M, Laversanne F, Colombet M, Mery M, Piñeros L, Znaor M, Soerjomataram A, Bray I. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. 2024. https://gco.iarc.who.int/media/globocan/factsheets/cancers/15-trachea-bronchus-and-lung-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed July 2024.

Canadian Cancer Society. Canadian Cancer Statistics 2023. https://www.lung.ca/lung-health/lung-diseases/lung-cancer/about-lung-cancer-lung-cancer-canada. Accessed July 2024.

Sung MR, Patel MV, Djalalov S, Le LW, Shepherd FA, Burkes RL, et al. Evolution of symptom burden of advanced lung cancer over a decade. Clin Lung Cancer. 2017;18(3):274-80.e6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grant M, Sun V, Fujinami R, Sidhu R, Otis-Green S, Juarez G, et al. Family caregiver burden, skills preparedness, and quality of life in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013;40(4):337–46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen S, Cao Z, Prettner K, Kuhn M, Yang J, Jiao L, et al. Estimates and projections of the global economic cost of 29 cancers in 204 countries and territories from 2020 to 2050. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9(4):465–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Oliveira C, Weir S, Rangrej J, Krahn MD, Mittmann N, Hoch JS, et al. The economic burden of cancer care in Canada: a population-based cost study. CMAJ Open. 2018;6(1):E1-e10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garaszczuk R, Yong JHE, Sun Z, de Oliveira C. The economic burden of cancer in Canada from a societal perspective. Curr Oncol (Toronto, Ont). 2022;29(4):2735–48.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Waser N, Vo L, McKenna M, Penrod JR, Goring S. Real-world treatment patterns in resectable (stages I-III) non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic literature review. Future Oncol (London, England). 2022;18(12):1519–30.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Referenced with permission from the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 1.2025. © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2025. All rights reserved. Accessed January 2025. To view the most recent and complete version of the guideline, go online to NCCN.org. NCCN makes no warranties of any kind whatsoever regarding their content, use or application and disclaims any responsibility for their application or use in any way.

Remon J, Soria JC, Peters S. Early and locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: an update of the ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines focusing on diagnosis, staging, systemic and local therapy. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(12):1637–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sugimura H, Nichols FC, Yang P, Allen MS, Cassivi SD, Deschamps C, et al. Survival after recurrent nonsmall-cell lung cancer after complete pulmonary resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83(2):409–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimizu R, Kinoshita T, Sasaki N, Uematsu M, Sugita Y, Shima T, et al. Clinicopathological factors related to recurrence patterns of resected non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Med. 2020;9(8):2473.

Taylor MD, Nagji AS, Bhamidipati CM, Theodosakis N, Kozower BD, Lau CL, et al. Tumor recurrence after complete resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(6):1813–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Consonni D, Pierobon M, Gail MH, Rubagotti M, Rotunno M, Goldstein A, et al. Lung cancer prognosis before and after recurrence in a population-based setting. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(6):59.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chouaid C, Danson S, Andreas S, Siakpere O, Benjamin L, Ehness R, et al. Adjuvant treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with stage IB-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom based on the LuCaBIS burden of illness study. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2018;124:310–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martin J, Ginsberg RJ, Venkatraman ES, Bains MS, Downey RJ, Korst RJ, et al. Long-term results of combined-modality therapy in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(8):1989–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karacz CM, Yan J, Zhu H, Gerber DE. Timing, sites, and correlates of lung cancer recurrence. Clin Lung Cancer. 2020;21(2):127-35.e3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andreas S, Chouaid C, Danson S, Siakpere O, Benjamin L, Ehness R, et al. Economic burden of resected (stage IB-IIIA) non-small cell lung cancer in France, Germany and the United Kingdom: a retrospective observational study (LuCaBIS). Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2018;124:298–309.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jovanoski N, Bowes K, Brown A, Belleli R, Di Maio D, Chadda S, et al. Survival and quality-of-life outcomes in early-stage NSCLC patients: a literature review of real-world evidence. J Lung Cancer Manag. 2023;12(3):LMT60.

Tian HX, Zhang XC, Yang JJ, Guo WB, Chen ZH, Wang Z, et al. Clinical characteristics and sequence complexity of anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene fusions in Chinese lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2017;114:90–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen MF, Chaft JE. Early-stage anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive lung cancer: a narrative review. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2023;12(2):337–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barlesi F, Mazieres J, Merlio JP, Debieuvre D, Mosser J, Lena H, et al. Routine molecular profiling of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a 1-year nationwide programme of the French Cooperative Thoracic Intergroup (IFCT). Lancet. 2016;387(10026):1415–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaft JE, Dagogo-Jack I, Santini FC, Eng J, Yeap BY, Izar B, et al. Clinical outcomes of patients with resected, early-stage ALK-positive lung cancer. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2018;122:67–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chevallier M, Borgeaud M, Addeo A, Friedlaender A. Oncogenic driver mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: past, present and future. World J Clin Oncol. 2021;12(4):217–37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rangachari D, Yamaguchi N, VanderLaan PA, Folch E, Mahadevan A, Floyd SR, et al. Brain metastases in patients with EGFR-mutated or ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2015;88(1):108–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zou Z, Xing P, Hao X, Wang Y, Song X, Shan L, et al. Intracranial efficacy of alectinib in ALK-positive NSCLC patients with CNS metastases-a multicenter retrospective study. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti GV, Douillard JY, Shepherd FA, Stephens RJ, et al. Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(21):3552–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu YL, Dziadziuszko R, Ahn JS, Barlesi F, Nishio M, Lee DH, et al. Alectinib in resected ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(14):1265–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dziadziuszko R, Peters S, Ruf T, Cardona A, Guerini E, Kurtsikidze N, et al. Clinical experience and management of adverse events in patients with advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer receiving alectinib. ESMO Open. 2022;7(6):100612.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Horinouchi H, Solomon BJ, Wu Y-L, Barlesi F, Nishio M, Ahn JS, et al. ALINA safety results: adjuvant alectinib vs chemotherapy in patients with resected ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). WCLC. 2024.

Nishio M, Wu Y-L, Barlesi F, Ahn JS, Lee DH, Lee J-S, et al. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) results for adjuvant alectinib vs chemotherapy in patients with resected ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Data from ALINA. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(16_suppl):8006.

Article  Google Scholar 

EU EMA. Alecensa. 2024. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/alecensa. Accessed 20 Dec 2024.

US FDA. Alecensa (Alectinib) Prescribing Information. 2024. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/208434s015lbl.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2024.

Canada's Drug Agency (CDA). Alectinib. 2024. https://www.cda-amc.ca/alectinib. Accessed 18 Sept 2024.

Canada's Drug Agency (CDA). Atezolizumab. 2025. https://www.cda-amc.ca/atezolizumab. Accessed 25 Feb 2025.

Balijepalli C, Gullapalli L, Joshy J, Rawson NS. The impact of willingness-to-pay threshold on price reduction recommendations for oncology drugs: a review of assessments conducted by the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. J Comp Eff Res. 2024;13(5): e230178.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Canada's Drug Agency (CDA). Reimbursement review provisional funding algorithm indication: anaplastic lymphoma kinase–positive non–small cell lung cancer 2022. https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/PH0009-ALK%2BNSCLC-Algorithm.pdf. Accessed 28 July 2024.

Statistics Canada. Life Tables, Canada, Provinces and Territories 2023002. 2023. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/84-537-X. Accessed 28 July 2024.

Nakamichi S, Horinouchi H, Asao T, Goto Y, Kanda S, Fujiwara Y, et al. Comparison of radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy for locoregional recurrence of non-small-cell lung cancer developing after surgery. Clin Lung Cancer. 2017;18(6):e441–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Camidge DR, Dziadziuszko R, Peters S, M