Moritz ML, Ayus JC (1999) The changing pattern of hypernatremia in hospitalized children. Pediatrics 104:435–439. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.104.3.435

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Adrogué HJ, Madias NE (2000) Hypernatremia. N Engl J Med 342:1493–1499. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200005183422006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindner G, Funk GC, Schwarz C, Kneidinger N, Kaider A, Schneeweiss B, Kramer L, Druml W (2007) Hypernatremia in the critically ill is an independent risk factor for mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 50:952–957. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.08.016

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liang S, Sun L, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Jiang N, Zhu H, Jiang Y, Ren Y, Gao Y, Zhu X, Cao Y, Li X, Gao X (2024) Sodium fluctuation as a parameter in predicting mortality in general hospitalized patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 11:1399638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1399638

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leung AA, McAlister FA, Finlayson SR, Bates DW (2013) Preoperative hypernatremia predicts increased perioperative morbidity and mortality. Am J Med 126:877–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.039

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ng PY, Cheung RYT, Ip A, Chan WM, Sin WC, Yap DY (2023) A retrospective cohort study on the clinical outcomes of patients admitted to intensive care units with dysnatremia. Sci Rep 13:21236. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48624-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li M, Hu YH, Chen G (2013) Hypernatremia severity and the risk of death after traumatic brain injury. Injury 44:1213–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2013.05.002

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vedantam A, Robertson CS, Gopinath SP (2017) Morbidity and mortality associated with hypernatremia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus 43:E2. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.7.FOCUS17418

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moritz ML, Ayus JC (2004) Dysnatremias in the critical care setting. Contrib Nephrol 144:132–157. https://doi.org/10.1159/000078886

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindner G, Funk GC (2013) Hypernatremia in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 28:216.e11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.05.001

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lin R, Du N, Feng J, Li J, Li X, Cui Y, Xu Y, Jiang X, Jiang H, Zhu X, Ding Y, Jiang L (2023) Postoperative hypernatremia is associated with worse brain injuries on EEG and MRI following pediatric cardiac surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med 10:1320231. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1320231

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lenz K, Gössinger H, Laggner A, Druml W, Grimm G, Schneeweiss B (1986) Influence of hypernatremic-hyperosmolar state on hemodynamics of patients with normal and depressed myocardial function. Crit Care Med 14:913–914. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198610000-00011

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bataille S, Baralla C, Torro D, Buffat C, Berland Y, Alazia M, Loundou A, Michelet P, Vacher-Coponat H (2014) Undercorrection of hypernatremia is frequent and associated with mortality. BMC Nephrol 15:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-15-37

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Feigin E, Feigin L, Ingbir M, Ben-Bassat OK, Shepshelovich D (2023) Rate of Correction and All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Severe Hypernatremia. JAMA Netw Open 6:e2335415. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.35415

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ravioli S, Rohn V, Lindner G (2022) Hypernatremia at presentation to the emergency department: a case series. Intern Emerg Med 17:2323–2328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-022-03052-3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moritz ML, Ayus JC (2005) Preventing neurological complications from dysnatremias in children. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1687–1700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-005-1933-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lehtiranta S, Honkila M, Anttila S, Huhtamäki H, Pokka T, Tapiainen T (2022) The incidence, hospitalisations and deaths in acutely ill children with dysnatraemias. Acta Paediatr 111:1630–1637. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16352

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Forman S, Crofton P, Huang H, Marshall T, Fares K, McIntosh N (2012) The epidemiology of hypernatraemia in hospitalised children in Lothian: a 10-year study showing differences between dehydration, osmoregulatory dysfunction and salt poisoning. Arch Dis Child 97:502–507. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300947

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guarner J, Hochman J, Kurbatova E, Mullins R (2011) Study of outcomes associated with hyponatremia and hypernatremia in children. Pediatr Dev Pathol 14:117–123. https://doi.org/10.2350/10-07-0878-OA.1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bataille S, Baralla C, Torro D, Buffat C, Berland Y, Alazia M, Loundou A, Michelet P, Vacher-Coponat H (2016) Hypernatremia in Children With Diarrhea: Presenting Features, Management, Outcome, and Risk Factors for Death. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 55:654–663. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922815601055

Article  Google Scholar 

Kolmodin L, Sekhon MS, Henderson WR, Turgeon AF, Griesdale DE (2013) Hypernatremia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Ann Intensive Care 3:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/2110-5820-3-35

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Oude Lansink-Hartgring A, Hessels L, Weigel J, de Smet AMGA, Gommers D, Panday PVN, Hoorn EJ, Nijsten MW (2016) Long-term changes in dysnatremia incidence in the ICU: a shift from hyponatremia to hypernatremia. Ann Intensive Care 6:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-016-0124-x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Amer BE, Abdelwahab OA, Abdelaziz A, Soliman Y, Amin AM, Mohamed MA, Elmonem MA (2024) Efficacy and safety of isotonic versus hypotonic intravenous maintenance fluids in hospitalized children: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatr Nephrol 39:57–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-023-05998-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaufman J, Phadke D, Tong S, Eshelman J, Newman S, Ruzas C, Pinto N, Costello JM (2017) Clinical Associations of Early Dysnatremias in Critically Ill Neonates and Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Pediatr Cardiol 38:149–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-016-1496-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peterson B, Khanna S, Fisher B, Marshall L (2000) Prolonged hypernatremia controls elevated intracranial pressure in head-injured pediatric patients. Crit Care Med 28:1136–1143. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200004000-00037

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kaiser P, Borte M, Zimmer KP, Huppertz HI (2012) Complications in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus: a retrospective analysis. Eur J Pediatr 171:337–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-011-1536-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diallo AO, Wikswo ME, Sulemana I, Sahni LC, Boom JA, Ramani S, Payne DC, Englund JA, Staat MA, Weinberg GA, Szilagyi PG, Patel MM, Parashar UD, Lopman BA, Tate JE (2024) Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness Against Severe Acute Gastroenteritis: 2009–2022. Pediatrics 154:e2024066879. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2024-066879

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fiser DH (1992) Assessing the outcome of pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 121:68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(05)82544-2

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Imaizumi T, Nakatochi M, Fujita Y, Yamamoto R, Watanabe K, Maekawa M, Kadomura T, Hirayama A, Suno M, Kato S, Hayashi H, Ito Y