Author contributions

The steering committee (Vivian H. Y. Ip, Rakesh V. Sondekoppam, Clifford L. Shelton, Forbes McGain, and Danielle Eusuf) were responsible for study concept, design, and conduct. All authors contributed to generating the questions for the survey for voting, and collecting the data. Vivian H. Y. Ip and Rakesh V. Sondekoppam performed data analysis. Vivian H. Y. Ip contributed to manuscript preparation and Clifford L. Shelton, Forbes McGain, Rakesh V. Sondekoppam, Danielle Eusuf, Deirdre Kelleher, Galaxy Li, Alan J. R. Macfarlane, Julien Raft, Kristopher M. Schroeder, and Thomas Volk contributed to editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the administrative support from the Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society administrative staff, Athisaya Satgururajah and Ashley Smith for anonymizing the data sheet and help with administrative tasks and our librarian, Lisa Tjosvold, for doing the literature search. The Delphi questionnaire was piloted by Drs Emily Coffey, Ryan Endersby, Joshua Foley, Angelo Gunanaya, Nicholas Field, and Peter Rose.

Collaborators

Kenneth Barker (Department of Anaesthesia, NHS Highland, Inverness, Scotland), Ki Jinn Chin (Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital and Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada), Elizabeth Fouts-Palmer (Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA), Seema Gandhi (Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA), Ronald B. George (Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital and Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada), Peter Hebbard (Department of Anaesthesia, Northeast Health Wangaratta, University of Melbourne, Wangaratta, VIC, Australia), Molly Herr (Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA), Rachel Kearns (Department of Anaesthesia, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland; Clyde School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland), Susanne Koch (Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; University of Southern Denmark (SDU) Odense, Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospital Sjælland, Campus Nykøbing Falster, Denmark), Kwesi Kwofie (Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada), Nam Le (Department of Anesthesia, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada), Grace Lim (Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), Peter Merjavy (Department of Anaesthesia, Craigavon Area University Teaching Hospital, Portadown, UK), Eleni Moka (Anaesthesiology Department, Creta InterClinic Hospital, Hellenic Healthcare Group, Heraklion, Crete, Greece), Samer Narouze (Division of Pain Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA), Rachel Outterson (Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA), Timur Özelsel (Department of Anesthesia & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada), Amit Pawa (Department of Anaesthesia, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Cleveland Clinic London, and Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King’s College London, London, UK), Anahi Perlas (Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital and Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada), Vidya Raman (Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA), May Pian-Smith (Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA), Samuel Smith (Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA), Kamen Vlassakov (Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA), Patrick B. Y. Wong (Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada), Christopher L. Wu (Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA).

Disclosures (authors)

Vivian H. Y. Ip is the Chair of the Environmental Sustainability Section at the Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society (CAS), Vice Chair of the Regional Anesthesia Section at CAS, Chair of the Green Anesthesia Special Interests Group at the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Editorial Board member of the Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie and an Editor of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Clifford L. Shelton is an Editor of Anaesthesia Reports, a co-opted member of the Association of Anaesthetists Environment and Sustainability Committee, and Vice Chair of the Sustainability Committee at the World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists. Deirdre C. Kelleher is the Vice Chair of the Green Anesthesia Special Interests Group at the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and an Associate Editor of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Galaxy Li is Vice Chair of the American Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Special Interest Group for Sustainability, Editor of the Society for Pediatric Pain Medicine Newsletter, Board of Directors member of the Society for Pediatric Pain Medicine and the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Improvement Network, and a member of the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Committee on Environmental Health. Alan Macfarlane has received consultancy fees from Intelligent Ultrasound and honoraria from GE HealthCare. He is an Editor of BJA Education and an Associate Editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia as well as the immediate Past President of RA-UK. Julien Raft is a member of the council of the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia. Kristopher Schroeder is a paid speaker for Northwest Anesthesia Seminars. Thomas Volk received research grants from BBraun, Sedana medical, the European Union, and Infectopharm and lecture fees from Pajunk, CSL Behring. He is also the Past President at the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia. Rakesh Sondekoppam is a consultant for CIVCO Ltd.

Disclosures (collaborators)

Ronald B. George is an Associate Editor of the Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie, was on the Advisory Board of Octapharma USA Inc.; and provides expert medical witness testimonies. Molly Herr is a member of the American Society of Anesthethesiologists’ Committee on Environmental Health. Rachel Kearns is the research lead for Regional Anaesthesia-UK (RA-UK). Susanne Koch was funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft; project number: KO 4249/3-1). She is the inventor for two electroencephalography-based patents that were sold to Medtronic. She has received lecture fees from Medtronic outside of this work. She has received lecture fees from the University of Münster and Georg Thieme Verlag related to this work. She is a member of the Sustainability Committee of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. Grace Lim is a Consultant for Heron Therapeutics and Octapharma, and provides expert medical witness testimonies. Peter Merjavy is the Vice Chair for the European Diploma of Regional Anaesthesia Part II exam at the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and has received honoraria from B. Braun. Eleni Moka is the President of the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, and has received lecture fees from Menarini. Samer Narouze is the Past President of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Amit Pawa has received honoraria for teaching from GE HealthCare and is a consultant at Pacira Biosciences. Anahi Perlas does consulting work for FujiFilm Sonosite. Vidya Raman is involved in equity in NDS Kalstars/Opus Influunt/Face2face.

Funding statement

None.

Prior conference presentations

Presented within part of a lecture at the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy 41st Annual Congress (4–7 September 2024, Prague, Czech Republic).

Editorial responsibility

This submission was handled by Dr. Adrian Gelb, Guest Editor, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.