Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Ca Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turajlic S, Swanton C. Implications of cancer evolution for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discovery. 2017;16:441–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao S, Tang Y, Wang R, Najafi M. Mechanisms of cancer cell death induction by paclitaxel: an updated review. Apoptosis. 2022;27:647–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-022-01750-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sidhic J, George S, Narayanankutty A. Traditional medicinal plants in cancer therapy and chemoprevention: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2023;20:703–15. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401319666230816141305.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Valdiviezo-Campos JE, Blanco-Olano CM, Olascuaga-Castillo KA, Rubio-Guevara SDR. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. (Rubiaceae): native species of Peru, herbal medicine recognized by traditional medicine. Ethnobotany Res Appl. 2020;19:1–15.

Google Scholar 

Zhenyu Z, Runping H, Jin L, Shaomeng G, Lingyi Z, Shen C. Clinical research on the treatment of hypertension in the community based on TCM physique identification. 2023;cmrd 2: https://doi.org/10.57237/j.cmrd.2023.03.002.

Mur E, Hartig F, Eibl G, Schirmer M. Randomized double blind trial of an extract from the pentacyclic alkaloid-chemotype of Uncaria tomentosa for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:678–81.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ndagijimana A, Wang X, Pan G, Zhang F, Feng H, Olaleye O. A review on indole alkaloids isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla and their pharmacological studies. Fitoterapia. 2013;86:35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.01.018.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heitzman ME, Neto CC, Winiarz E, Vaisberg AJ, Hammond GB. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Uncaria (Rubiaceae). ChemInform. 2005;36:chin.200517286. https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200517286.

Article  Google Scholar 

Valerio LG, Gonzales GF. Toxicological aspects of the South American herbs cats? Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii). Toxicol Rev. 2005;24:11–35. https://doi.org/10.2165/00139709-200524010-00002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Santos Araújo Mdo C, Farias IL, Gutierres J, Dalmora SL, Flores N, Farias J, et al. Uncaria tomentosa–adjuvant treatment for breast cancer: clinical trial. Evid Based Complementary Alternative Med eCAM. 2012;2012:676984. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/676984.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alvarenga-Venutolo S, Rosales-López C, Sánchez-Chinchilla L, Muñoz-Arrieta R, Aguilar-Cascante F. Seasonality effect on the composition of oxindole alkaloids from distinct organs of Uncaria tomentosa from the Caribbean region of Costa Rica. Phytochemistry. 2018;151:26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.03.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Munggari IP, Kurnia D, Deawati Y, Julaeha E. Current research of phytochemical, medicinal and non-medicinal uses of Uncaria gambir Roxb.: a review. Molecules. 2022;27:6551. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196551.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bors M, Michałowicz J, Pilarski R, Sicińska P, Gulewicz K, Bukowska B. Studies of biological properties of Uncaria tomentosa extracts on human blood mononuclear cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;142:669–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.036.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pilarski R, Filip B, Wietrzyk J, Kuraś M, Gulewicz K. Anticancer activity of the Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. preparations with different oxindole alkaloid composition. Phytomedicine. 2010;17:1133–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.04.013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pilarski R, Zieliński H, Ciesiołka D, Gulewicz K. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;104:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.046.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qin N, Lu X, Liu Y, Qiao Y, Qu W, Feng F, et al. Recent research progress of Uncaria spp. based on alkaloids: phytochemistry, pharmacology and structural chemistry. Eur J Med Chem. 2021;210:112960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112960.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Navarro-Hoyos M, Alvarado-Corella D, Moreira-Gonzalez I, Arnaez-Serrano E, Monagas-Juan M. Polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Uncaria tomentosa bark and leaves. Antioxidants. 2018;7:65. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7050065.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Syarifah S, Widyawati T, Rita Anggraini D, Sari Wahyuni A, Sari MI. Anticancer activity of uncaria gambir roxb on T47D breast cancer cells. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1317:012106. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1317/1/012106.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Taniguchi S, Kuroda K, Doi K, Inada K, Yoshikado N, Yoneda Y, et al. Evaluation of gambir quality based on quantitative analysis of polyphenolic constituents. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI. 2007;127:1291–1300. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.127.1291.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wardana AP, Aminah NS, Kristanti AN, Fahmi MZ, Zahrah HI, Widiyastuti W, et al. Nano Uncaria gambir as chemopreventive agent against breast cancer. Int J Nanomed. 2023;18:4471–84. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S403385.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bacher N, Tiefenthaler M, Sturm S, Stuppner H, Ausserlechner MJ, Kofler R, et al. Oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tomentosa induce apoptosis in proliferating, G0/G1-arrested and bcl-2-expressing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol. 2006;132:615–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05907.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García Giménez D, García Prado E, Sáenz Rodríguez T, Fernández Arche A, De la Puerta R. Cytotoxic effect of the pentacyclic oxindole alkaloid mitraphylline isolated from Uncaria tomentosa bark on human Ewingʼs sarcoma and breast cancer cell lines. Planta Med. 2010;76:133–6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1186048.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García Prado E, García Gimenez MD, De La Puerta Vázquez R, Espartero Sánchez JL, Sáenz Rodríguez MT. Antiproliferative effects of mitraphylline, a pentacyclic oxindole alkaloid of Uncaria tomentosa on human glioma and neuroblastoma cell lines. Phytomedicine. 2007;14:280–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.023.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan HQ, Yang WZ, Zhao D, Luo C, Yao CL, Shi XJ, et al. New monoterpenoid oxindole alkaloid derivatives from the stems of Uncaria hirsuta Havil. and their cytotoxicity and tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation. Fitoterapia. 2017;116:85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2016.11.013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muhammad I, Dunbar DC, Khan RA, Ganzera M, Khan IA. Investigation of Uña De Gato I. 7-Deoxyloganic acid and 15N NMR spectroscopic studies on pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tomentosa. Phytochemistry. 2001;57:781–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00043-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zari A, Alfarteesh H, Buckner C, Lafrenie R. Treatment with Uncaria tomentosa promotes apoptosis in B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells and inhibits the growth of B16-BL6 tumours. Molecules. 2021;26:1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041066.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meng J, Yuan Y, Li Y, Yuan B. Effects of hirsuteine on MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cell proliferation. Oncol Lett. 2022;25:4. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2022.13590.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen X-X, Leung GP, Zhang Z-J, Xiao JB, Lao LX, Feng F, et al. Proanthocyanidins from Uncaria rhynchophylla induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells while enhancing cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;107:248–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.012.

Article  CAS  PubMed