Atkinson MA, Mirmira RG. The pathogenic “symphony” in type 1 diabetes: a disorder of the immune system, β cells, and exocrine pancreas. Cell Metab. 2023;35(9):1500–18.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Lawrence JM, Casagrande SS, Herman WH, Wexler DJ, Cefalu WT, editors. Diabetes in America [online]. Bethesda: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK597413/.
Andreani D, Kolb H, Pozzilli P. Immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes. New York: Wiley; 1989.
Luckett AM, Weedon MN, Hawkes G, Leslie RD, Oram RA, Grant SFA. Utility of genetic risk scores in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2023;66(9):1589–600.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O, Simell T, Lempainen J, Steck A, et al. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA. 2013;309(23):2473–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Eisenbarth GS. Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(21):1360–8.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Evans-Molina C, Oram RA. A golden hour and golden opportunity for β-cell preservation. Diabetes. 2024;73(6):834–6.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Bottazzo GF, Florin-Christensen A, Doniach D. Islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus with autoimmune polyendocrine deficiencies. Lancet. 1974;2(7892):1279–83.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Leete P, Willcox A, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Foulis AK, Richardson SJ, et al. Differential insulitic profiles determine the extent of β-cell destruction and the age at onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2016;65(5):1362–9.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Kukreja A, Cost G, Marker J, Zhang C, Sun Z, Lin-Su K, et al. Multiple immuno-regulatory defects in type-1 diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2002;109(1):131–40.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Witebsky E, Rose NR, Terplan K, Paine JR, Egan RW. Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization. J Am Med Assoc. 1957;164(13):1439–47.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Wiedeman AE, Speake C, Long SA. The many faces of islet antigen-specific CD8 T cells: clues to clinical outcome in type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol. 2021;99(5):475–85.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Bender C, Rajendran S, von Herrath MG. New insights into the role of autoreactive CD8 T cells and cytokines in human type 1 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11: 606434.
Redondo MJ, Steck AK, Pugliese A. Genetics of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(3):346–53.
Morran MP, Vonberg A, Khadra A, Pietropaolo M. Immunogenetics of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mol Aspects Med. 2015;42:42–60.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Lemos JRN, Hirani K, von Herrath M. Immunological and virological triggers of type 1 diabetes: insights and implications. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1326711.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Abela AG, Fava S. Why is the incidence of type 1 diabetes increasing? Curr Diabetes Rev. 2021;17(8): e030521193110.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Ilonen J, Lempainen J, Veijola R. The heterogeneous pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(11):635–50.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Lehuen A, Diana J, Zaccone P, Cooke A. Immune cell crosstalk in type 1 diabetes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(7):501–13.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Katsarou A, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Rawshani A, Dabelea D, Bonifacio E, Anderson BJ, et al. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17016.
Bluestone JA, Herold K, Eisenbarth G. Genetics, pathogenesis and clinical interventions in type 1 diabetes. Nature. 2010;464(7293):1293–300.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
So M, O’Rourke C, Ylescupidez A, Bahnson HT, Steck AK, Wentworth JM, et al. Characterising the age-dependent effects of risk factors on type 1 diabetes progression. Diabetologia. 2022;65(4):684–94.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Leslie RD, Evans-Molina C, Freund-Brown J, Buzzetti R, Dabelea D, Gillespie KM, et al. Adult-onset type 1 diabetes: current understanding and challenges. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(11):2449–56.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Fang M, Wang D, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Selvin E. Age at diagnosis in US adults with type 1 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176(11):1567–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Leete P, Mallone R, Richardson SJ, Sosenko JM, Redondo MJ, Evans-Molina C. The effect of age on the progression and severity of type 1 diabetes: potential effects on disease mechanisms. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(11):115.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhao LP, Papadopoulos GK, Skyler JS, Parikh HM, Kwok WW, Bondinas GP, et al. Oral insulin delay of stage 3 type 1 diabetes revisited in HLA DR4-DQ8 participants in the TrialNet oral insulin prevention trial (TN07). Diabetes Care. 2024;47(9):1608–16.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Kennedy EC, Hawkes CP. Approaches to measuring beta cell reserve and defining partial clinical remission in paediatric type 1 diabetes. Children (Basel). 2024;11(2):186.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jacobsen LM, Bundy BN, Greco MN, Schatz DA, Atkinson MA, Brusko TM, et al. Comparing beta cell preservation across clinical trials in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020;22(12):948–53.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Agiostratidou G, Anhalt H, Ball D, Blonde L, Gourgari E, Harriman KN, et al. Standardizing clinically meaningful outcome measures beyond HbA1c. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1622–30.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eisenbarth GS, Srikanta S, Jackson R, Rabinowe S, Dolinar R, Aoki T, et al. Anti-thymocyte globulin and prednisone immunotherapy of recent onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. 1985;2(6):271–6.
Silverstein J, Maclaren N, Riley W, Spillar R, Radjenovic D, Johnson S. Immunosuppression with azathioprine and prednisone in recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(10):599–604.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Feutren G, Papoz L, Assan R, Vialettes B, Karsenty G, Vexiau P, et al. Cyclosporin increases the rate and length of remissions in insulin-dependent diabetes of recent onset. Results of a multicentre double-blind trial. Lancet. 1986;2(8499):119–24.
Comments (0)