Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:229–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganguly S, Gogia A. PD-1 blockade in Mismatch repair-deficient rectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:855.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin X, Kang K, Chen P, Zeng Z, Li G, Xiong W, Yi M, Xiang B. Regulatory mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 in cancers. Mol Cancer. 2024;23:108.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li J, Wu C, Hu H, Qin G, Wu X, Bai F, Zhang J, Cai Y, Huang Y, Wang C, et al. Remodeling of the immune and stromal cell compartment by PD-1 blockade in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell. 2023;41:1152–69 e7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Carpenter S, O’Neill LAJ. From periphery to center stage: 50 years of advancements in innate immunity. Cell. 2024;187:2030–51.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Medzhitov R, Iwasaki A. Exploring new perspectives in immunology. Cell. 2024;187:2079–94.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Russell JH, Ley TJ. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:323–70.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mucida D, Husain MM, Muroi S, van Wijk F, Shinnakasu R, Naoe Y, Reis BS, Huang Y, Lambolez F, Docherty M, et al. Transcriptional reprogramming of mature CD4(+) helper T cells generates distinct MHC class II-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nat Immunol. 2013;14:281–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yoshida N, Kinugasa T, Miyoshi H, Sato K, Yuge K, Ohchi T, Fujino S, Shiraiwa S, Katagiri M, Akagi Y, et al. A high RORgammaT/CD3 ratio is a strong prognostic factor for postoperative survival in advanced colorectal cancer: analysis of helper T cell lymphocytes (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Regulatory T Cells). Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:919–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cui G. T(H)9, T(H)17, and T(H)22 cell subsets and their main cytokine products in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Front Oncol. 2019;9:1002.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Razi S, Baradaran Noveiry B, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Rezaei N. IL-17 and colorectal cancer: from carcinogenesis to treatment. Cytokine. 2019;116:7–12.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guo L, Wang C, Qiu X, Pu X, Chang P. Colorectal cancer immune infiltrates: significance in patient prognosis and immunotherapeutic efficacy. Front Immunol. 2020;11: 1052.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Colangelo T, Polcaro G, Muccillo L, D’Agostino G, Rosato V, Ziccardi P, Lupo A, Mazzoccoli G, Sabatino L, Colantuoni V. Friend or foe? The tumour microenvironment dilemma in colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2017;1867:1–18.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Verneau J, Sautes-Fridman C, Sun CM. Dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment: prognostic and theranostic impact. Semin Immunol. 2020;48: 101410.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bronte V, Brandau S, Chen SH, Colombo MP, Frey AB, Greten TF, Mandruzzato S, Murray PJ, Ochoa A, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, et al. Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and characterization standards. Nat Commun. 2016;7: 12150.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sieminska I, Baran J. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in colorectal cancer. Front Immunol. 2020;11: 1526.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Song J, Zhao Z, Yang M, Chen M, Liu C, Ji J, Zhu D. Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals tumor immune microenvironment heterogenicity and granulocytes enrichment in colorectal cancer liver metastases. Cancer Lett. 2020;470:84–94.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mizuno R, Kawada K, Itatani Y, Ogawa R, Kiyasu Y, Sakai Y. The role of tumor-associated neutrophils in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:529.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Naszai M, Kurjan A, Maughan TS. The prognostic utility of pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR) in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med. 2021;10:5983–97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sieminska I, Poljanska E, Baran J. Granulocytes and cells of granulocyte origin-the relevant players in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:3801.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Malfettone A, Silvestris N, Saponaro C, Ranieri G, Russo A, Caruso S, Popescu O, Simone G, Paradiso A, Mangia A. High density of tryptase-positive mast cells in human colorectal cancer: a poor prognostic factor related to protease-activated receptor 2 expression. J Cell Mol Med. 2013;17:1025–37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hu S, Feng J, Fu W, Guo Y. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory factor (MIF) upregulates CXCR7 and contributes to chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-024-01430-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garvey CM, Lau R, Sanchez A, Sun RX, Fong EJ, Doche ME, Chen O, Jusuf A, Lenz HJ, Larson B, et al. Anti-EGFR therapy induces EGF secretion by cancer-associated fibroblasts to confer colorectal cancer chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12:12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yang T, Zhiheng H, Zhanhuai W, Qian X, Yue L, Xiaoxu G, Jingsun W, Shu Z, Kefeng D. Increased RAB31 expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes colon cancer progression through HGF-MET signaling. Front Oncol. 2020;10: 1747.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bai YP, Shang K, Chen H, Ding F, Wang Z, Liang C, Xu Y, Sun MH, Li YY. FGF-1/-3/FGFR4 signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes tumor progression in colon cancer through Erk and MMP-7. Cancer Sci. 2015;106:1278–87.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nagasaki T, Hara M, Nakanishi H, Takahashi H, Sato M, Takeyama H. Interleukin-6 released by colon cancer-associated fibroblasts is critical for tumour angiogenesis: anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody suppressed angiogenesis and inhibited tumour-stroma interaction. Br J Cancer. 2014;110:469–78.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Li D, Liang Z, Wang L, Chen Y, Liang Y, Niu H. Cancer-associated fibroblasts-derived CXCL12 enhances immune escape of bladder cancer through inhibiting P62-mediated autophagic degradation of PDL1. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2023;42:316.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

De Sanctis F, Ugel S, Facciponte J, Facciabene A. The dark side of tumor-associated endothelial cells. Semin Immunol. 2018;35:35–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, de Reynies A, Schlicker A, Soneson C, Marisa L, Roepman P, Nyamundanda G, Angelino P, et al. The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Nat Med. 2015;21:1350–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Becht E, de Reynies A, Giraldo NA, Pilati C, Buttard B, Lacroix L, Selves J, Sautes-Fridman C, Laurent-Puig P, Fridman WH. Immune and Stromal classification of colorectal cancer is associated with molecular subtypes and relevant for precision immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22:4057–66.

Article