The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale has a Good Test–Retest Reliability in Well-Trained Athletes With and Without Previously Self-Identified Gastrointestinal Complaints

Clark A, Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut–microbiota–brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Oliveira EP, Burini RC, Jeukendrup A. Gastrointestinal complaints during exercise: prevalence, etiology, and nutritional recommendations. Sports Med. 2014;44:79–85.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoogervorst D, van der Burg N, Versteegen JJ, Lambrechtse KJ, Redegeld MI, Cornelissen LAJ, et al. Gastrointestinal complaints and correlations with self-reported macronutrient intake in independent groups of (Ultra)marathon runners competing at different distances. Sports. 2019;7:140.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pugh JN, Fearn R, Morton JP, Close GL. Gastrointestinal symptoms in elite athletes: time to recognise the problem? Br J Sports Med. 2018;52:487–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Venrooij NFJ, Wardenaar FC, Hoogervorst D, Senden JMG, van Dijk JW, Jonvik KL. The association between gastrointestinal injury, complaints, and food intake in 60-km ultramarathon runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2022;47:547–54. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2021-0711.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brouns F, Beckers E. Is the gut an athletic organ? Sports Med. 1993;15:242–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Costa RJS, Miall A, Khoo A, Rauch C, Snipe R, Camões-Costa V, et al. Gut-training: the impact of two weeks repetitive gut-challenge during exercise on gastrointestinal status, glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42:547–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeukendrup AE, Vet-Joop K, Sturk A, Stegen JHJC, Senden J, Saris WHM, et al. Relationship between gastro-intestinal complaints and endotoxaemia, cytokine release and the acute-phase reaction during and after a long-distance triathlon in highly trained men. Clin Sci. 2000;98:47–55.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wardenaar FC, Dijkhuizen R, Ceelen IJM, Jonk E, De Vries JHM, Witkamp RF, et al. Nutrient intake by ultramarathon runners: can they meet recommendations? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25:375–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pugh JN, Kirk B, Fearn R, Morton JP, Close GL. Prevalence, severity and potential nutritional causes of gastrointestinal symptoms during a marathon in recreational runners. Nutrients. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070811.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith KA, Pugh JN, Duca FA, Close GL, Ormsbee MJ. Gastrointestinal pathophysiology during endurance exercise: endocrine, microbiome, and nutritional influences. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121:2657–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Wijck K, Lenaerts K, Grootjans J, Wijnands KAP, Poeze M, van Loon LJC, et al. Physiology and pathophysiology of splanchnic hypoperfusion and intestinal injury during exercise: strategies for evaluation and prevention. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303:155–68. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00066.2012.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Di Paola R, Esposito E, Mazzon E, Paterniti I, Galuppo M, Cuzzocrea S. GW0742, a selective PPAR-β/δ agonist, contributes to the resolution of inflammation after gut ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Leukoc Biol. 2010;88:291–301. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0110053.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karhu E, Forsgård RA, Alanko L, Alfthan H, Pussinen P, Hämäläinen E, et al. Exercise and gastrointestinal symptoms: running-induced changes in intestinal permeability and markers of gastrointestinal function in asymptomatic and symptomatic runners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117:2519–26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gieryńska M, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Struzik J, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP. Integrity of the intestinal barrier: the involvement of epithelial cells and microbiota—a mutual relationship. Animals. 2022;12:145.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Oliveira EP, Burini RC. Carbohydrate-dependent, exercise-induced gastrointestinal distress. Nutrients. 2014;6:4191–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104191.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ter Steege RWF, Kolkman JJ. Review article: the pathophysiology and management of gastrointestinal symptoms during physical exercise, and the role of splanchnic blood flow. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:516–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ten Haaf DSM, van der Worp MP, Groenewoud HMM, Leij-Halfwerk S, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG, Verbeek ALM, et al. Nutritional indicators for gastrointestinal symptoms in female runners: the “Marikenloop study.” BMJ Open. 2014;4: e005780.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lomer MCE. Review article: the aetiology, diagnosis, mechanisms and clinical evidence for food intolerance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41:262–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13041.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ho MHK, Wong WHS, Chang C. Clinical spectrum of food allergies: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2014;46:225–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-012-8339-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ivy JL, Ferguson-Stegall LM. Nutrient timing. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2013;8:246–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613502444.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wright H, Collins M, Schwellnus MP. Gastrointestinal (GIT) symptoms in athletes: a review of risk factors associated with the development of GIT symptoms during exercise. Int Sport Med J. 2009;10:116–23.

Google Scholar 

Przewłócka K, Folwarski M, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Skonieczna-żydecka K, Kaczor JJ. Gut-muscle axis exists and may affect skeletal muscle adaptation to training. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1451.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rehrer NJ, McLaughlin J, Wasse LK. Importance of gastrointestinal function to athletic performance and health. Sports Nutr. 2013;19:526–38.

Google Scholar 

Vich Vila A, Collij V, Sanna S, Sinha T, Imhann F, Bourgonje AR, et al. Impact of commonly used drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Revicki DA, Wood M, Maton PN, Sorensen S. The impact of gastroesophageal reflux disease on health-related quality of life. Am J Med. 1998;104:252–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dimenäs E, Carlsson G, Glise H, Israelsson B, Wiklund I. Relevance of norm values as part of the documentation of quality of life instruments for use in upper gastrointestinal disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1996;221:8–13. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365529609095544.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kulich KR, Madisch A, Pacini F, Piqué JM, Regula J, Van Rensburg CJ, et al. Reliability and validity of the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) and quality of life in reflux and dyspepsia (QOLRAD) questionnaire in dyspepsia: a six-country study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2008;6:12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dimenäs E, Glise H, Hallerbäck B, Hernqvist H, Svedlund J, Wiklund I. Well-being and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients referred to endoscopy owing to suspected duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995;30:1046–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Östlund-Lagerström L, Kihlgren A, Repsilber D, Björkstén B, Brummer RJ, Schoultz I. Probiotic administration among free-living older adults: a double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutr J. 2016;15:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0198-1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wardenaar FC, Schott KD, Mohr AE, Ortega-Santos CP, Connolly JE. An exploratory study investigating the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in collegiate division I American football athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:6453.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wardenaar FC, Mohr AE, Ortega-Santos CP, Nyakayiru J, Kersch-Counet C, Chan Y, Clear A.-M, Kurka J, Schott KD, Seltzer RGN. Explorative characterization of GI complaints, general physical and mental wellbeing, and gut microbiota in trained recreative and competitive athletes with or without self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms. Nutrients. 2024;16:1712.

Comments (0)

No login
gif