Liu LS, Yuan HS. Imaging study on the role of the medial vastus muscle in patellofemoral instability. Chin J Med Imag Technol. 2015;031(001):150–3.

Google Scholar 

Meyers AB, Laor T, Sharafinski M, Zbojniewicz AM. Imaging assessment of patellar instability and its treatment in children and adolescents. Pediatr Radiol. 2016;46(5):618–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qin L, Li M, Wang H, Yao WW, Shen J. The value of CT in the evaluation after triple arthrodesis for patellar dislocation. J Pract Radiol. 2015;31(7):1148–51.

Google Scholar 

Diederichs G, Issever AS, Scheffler S. MR imaging of patellar instability: injury patterns and assessment of risk factors. Radiographics. 2010;30(4):961–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chhabra A, Subhawong TK, Carrino JA. A systematised MRI approach to evaluating the patellofemoral joint. Skeletal Radiol. 2011;40(4):375–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balcarek P, Jung K, Frosch KH, Stürmer KM. Value of the tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove distance in patellar instability in the young athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(8):1756–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cooney AD, Kazi Z, Caplan N, Newby M, St Clair Gibson A, Kader DF. The relationship between quadriceps angle and tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove distance in patients with patellar instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(12):2399–404.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sundararajan SR, Raj M, Ramakanth R, Muhil K, Rajasekaran S. Prediction of recurrence based on the patellofemoral morphological profile and demographic factors in first-time and recurrent dislocators. Int Orthop. 2020;44(5):1–10.

Google Scholar 

Tan SHS, Chng KSJ, Lim BY, Wong KL, Doshi C, Lim AKS, et al. The difference between cartilaginous and bony sulcus angles for patients with or without patellofemoral instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Knee Surgery. 2020;33(3):235–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suomalainen JS, Regalado G, Joukainen A, Kääriäinen T, Könönen M, Manninen H, et al. Effects of knee flexion and extension the tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove (TT–TG) distance in adolescents. J Exp Orthop. 2018;5(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-018-0149-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brady JM, Rosencrans AS, Shubin Stein BE. Use of TT–PCL versus TT–TG. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(2):261–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iseki T, Nakayama H, Daimon T, Kambara S, Kanto R, Yamaguchi M, et al. Tibial tubercle–midepicondyle distance can be a better index to predict the outcome of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction than tibial tubercle–trochlear groove distance. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2020;2(6):e697–704.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thakrar RR, Al-Obaedi O, Theivendran K, Snow M. Assessment of lower limb rotational profile and its correlation with the tibial tuberosity-trochlea groove distance: a radiological study. J Orthop Surg. 2019;27(3):1–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dong C, Zhao C, Li M, Fan C, Feng X, Piao K, et al. Accuracy of tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance and tibial tuberosity-posterior cruciate ligament distance in terms of the severity of trochlear dysplasia. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16(1):383.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burnham JM, Howard JS, Hayes CB, Lattermann C. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with concomitant tibial tubercle transfer: a systematic review of outcomes and complications. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(6):1185–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franciozi CE, Ambra LF, Albertoni LJB, Debieux P, Granata GSM Jr, Kubota MS, et al. Anteromedial tibial tubercle osteotomy improves results of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar instability in patients with tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove distance of 17–20 mm. Arthroscopy. 2019;35(2):566–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Longo UG, Berton A, Salvatore G, Migliorini F, Ciuffreda M, Nazarian A, et al. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction combined with bony procedures for patellar instability: current indications, outcomes, and complications. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(7):1421–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nizić D, Šimunović M, Pavliša G, Jelić M. Tibial tuberosity–tibial intercondylar midpoint distance measured on computed tomography scanner is not biased during knee rotation and could be clinically more relevant than current measurement systems. Int Orthop. 2021;45(4):959–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mistovich RJ, Urwin JW, Fabricant PD, Lawrence JTR. Patellar tendon–lateral trochlear ridge distance: a novel measurement of patellofemoral instability. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(14):3400–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dejour H, Walch G, Nove-Josserand L, Guier C. Factors of patellar instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2(1):19–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo R, Li WZ, Li YX, Wang ZG. Research progress on the comparison of TT–TG distance and TT–PCL distance in the auxiliary diagnosis of patellofemoral instability. J Pract Radiol. 2019;35(12):2029–32.

Google Scholar 

Run B, Hou YJ, Xu C. Establishment of reference values for TT–TG distance in adolescents with open growth plates and their correlation with patellar instability. J Pract Orthop. 2017;23(3):231–4.

Google Scholar 

Barahona M, Guzmán M, Barrientos C, Zamorano Á, Palet M, Hinzpeter J, et al. The distance between tibial tubercle and trochlear groove correlates with knee articular torsion. J Knee Surg. 2021;34(9):918–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar