Author contributions

Daniel I. McIsaac, Emily Hladkowicz, Nathaniel Neilipovitz, Gregory L. Bryson, Sylvain Gagne, Allen Huang, Manoj Lalu, Luke T. Lavallée, Barbara Power, Husein Moloo, Celena Scheede-Bergdahl, Carl van Walraven, Colin J. L. McCartney, and Monica Taljaard contributed to study conception. Daniel I. McIsaac, Nathaniel Neilipovitz, Emily Hladkowicz, Allen Huang, Husein Moloo, Celena Scheede-Bergdahl, Carl van Walraven, and Monica Taljaard contributed to study design. Daniel I. McIsaac, Emily Hladkowicz, Nathaniel Neilipovitz, Husein Moloo, Luke T. Lavallée, and Manoj Lalu contributed to data acquisition. Daniel I. McIsaac and Monica Taljaard contributed to data analysis. Daniel I. McIsaac, Emily Hladkowicz, Nathaniel Neilipovitz, Gregory L. Bryson, Sylvain Gagne, Allen Huang, Manoj Lalu, Luke T. Lavallée, Barbara Power, Husein Moloo, Celena Scheede-Bergdahl, Carl van Walraven, Colin J. L. McCartney, and Monica Taljaard contributed to data interpretation. Daniel I. McIsaac, Emily Hladkowicz, Nathaniel Neilipovitz, Gregory L. Bryson, Sylvain Gagne, Allen Huang, Manoj Lalu, Luke T. Lavallée, Barbara Power, Husein Moloo, Celena Scheede-Bergdahl, Colin J. L. McCartney, Carl van Walraven, and Monica Taljaard contributed to drafting the manuscript. Daniel I. McIsaac, Emily Hladkowicz, Nathaniel Neilipovitz, Gregory L. Bryson, Sylvain Gagne, Allen Huang, Manoj Lalu, Luke T. Lavallée, Barbara Power, Husein Moloo, Celena Scheede-Bergdahl, Carl van Walraven, Colin J. L. McCartney, and Monica Taljaard contributed to revising the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Daniel I. McIsaac and Manoj Lalu acknowledge salary support from The Ottawa Hospital Anesthesia Alternate Funds Association, as well as from research chairs funded by the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ottawa. Daniel I. McIsaac is supported by the Physicians Services Inc. Mid-Career Knowledge Translation Award. This study used core analytic resources from the Ottawa Methods Centre at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.

Disclosures

The authors have identified no potential conflicts of interest regarding the work under consideration, relevant financial activities outside of the submitted work, or other relationships that readers could perceive to have influence in the past 36 months.

Funding statement

This work was supported by peer-reviewed funding from the International Anesthesia Research Society (Mentored Research Award, 2016) and the Canadian Frailty Network (Catalyst Grant, 2018). The sponsors played no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Data availability statement

Daniel I. McIsaac had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. The analytic data set, including individual patient data, a data dictionary that defines each field in the data set, and statistical code will be made available, through request to the first author, one year after manuscript publication. All future analyses must acknowledge the data source and secondary analyses of these data require approval of a statistical analysis plan from the data custodian.

Editorial responsibility

This submission was handled by Dr. Vishal Uppal, Associate Editor, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.