WHO. Human biomonitoring: Facts and figures. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. 2015.

Choi J, Mørck TA, Joas A, Knudsen LE. Major national human biomonitoring programs in chemical exposure assessment. AIMS Environ Sci. 2015;2:782–802.

Article  Google Scholar 

Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, Adeyi O, Arnold R, Basu N, et al. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet. 2018;391:462–512.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grob K, Biedermann M, Scherbaum E, Roth M, Rieger K. Food contamination with organic materials in perspective: packaging materials as the largest and least controlled source? A view focusing on the European situation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46:529–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geueke B, Groh KJ, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Boucher JM, Chiang Y-T, et al. Systematic evidence on migrating and extractable food contact chemicals: Most chemicals detected in food contact materials are not listed for use. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;63:9425–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeddi MZ, Boon PE, Cubadda F, Hoogenboom R, Mol H, Verhagen H, et al. A vision on the ‘foodture’ role of dietary exposure sciences in the interplay between food safety and nutrition. Trends Food Sci Tech. 2022;120:288–300.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barnes KA, Sinclair CR, Watson DH, (eds.). Chemical migration and food contact materials. Woodhead Publishing, 2007.

Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. J Hazard Mater. 2018;344:179–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Zhu H, Kannan K. A review of biomonitoring of phthalate exposures. Toxics. 2019;7:21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

EFSA CEP Panel. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J. 2023;21:e06857.

Google Scholar 

EFSA CEP Panel. Update of the risk assessment of di-butylphthalate (DBP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP) and di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials. EFSA J. 2019;17:e05838.

Google Scholar 

HBM4EU. Substance report - Bisphenols. 2022. https://www.hbm4eu.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Bisphenols_Substance-report.pdf. Accessed 7 February 2024.

Banaderakhshan R, Kemp P, Breul L, Steinbichl P, Hartmann C, Fürhacker M. Bisphenol A and its alternatives in Austrian thermal paper receipts, and the migration from reusable plastic drinking bottles into water and artificial saliva using UHPLC-MS/MS. Chemosphere. 2022;286:131842.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siddique S, Zhang G, Coleman K, Kubwabo C. Investigation of the migration of bisphenols from baby bottles and sippy cups. Curr Res Food Sci. 2021;4:619–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marchiandi J, Alghamdi W, Dagnino S, Green MP, Clarke BO. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals from beverage packaging materials and risk assessment for consumers. J Hazard Mater. 2024;465:133314.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

EC. Draft regulation on the use of BPA and other bisphenols in FCMs. 2024. https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/comitology-register/core/api/integration/ers/400274/097818/1/attachment. Accessed 16 July 2024.

Groh KJ, Geueke B, Martin O, Maffini M, Muncke J. Overview of intentionally used food contact chemicals and their hazards. Environ Int. 2021;150:106225.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nerín C, Bourdoux S, Faust B, Gude T, Lesueur C, Simat T, et al. Guidance in selecting analytical techniques for identification and quantification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMS). Food Addit Contam A. 2022;39:620–43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Geueke B. Dossier - Non-intentionally added substances. 2018. https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/fpf-2016/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/FPF_Dossier03_NIAS_2nd-edition.pdf. Accessed 7 February 2024.

Zimmermann L, Scheringer M, Geueke B, Boucher JM, Parkinson LV, Groh KJ, et al. Implementing the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability: The case of food contact chemicals of concern. J Hazard Mater. 2022;437:129167.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

vom Saal FS, Vandenberg LN. Update on the health effects of bisphenol A: Overwhelming evidence of harm. Endocrinology. 2020;162.

Neltner TG, Alger HM, Leonard JE, Maffini MV. Data gaps in toxicity testing of chemicals allowed in food in the United States. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;42:85–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muncke J, Andersson A-M, Backhaus T, Belcher SM, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, et al. A vision for safer food contact materials: Public health concerns as drivers for improved testing. Environ Int. 2023;180:108161.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balbus JM, Barouki R, Birnbaum LS, Etzel RA, Gluckman PD, Grandjean P, et al. Early-life prevention of non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2013;381:3–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muncke J, Myers JP, Scheringer M, Porta M. Food packaging and migration of food contact materials: will epidemiologists rise to the neotoxic challenge? J Epidemiol Commun H. 2014;68:592.

Article  Google Scholar 

Simoneau C, Raffael B, Garbin S, Hoekstra E, Mieth A, Lopes J, et al. Non-harmonised food contact materials in the EU: Regulatory and market situation. Baseline study, final report. Publications Office of the European Union. 2016; JRC104198.

Muncke J, Backhaus T, Geueke B, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Myers JP, et al. Scientific challenges in the risk assessment of food contact materials. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125:095001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Food Packaging Forum. FCCmigex Database. 2023. https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/resources/fccmigex. Accessed 16 July 2024.

Geueke B, Parkinson LV, Dolenc J, Groh KJ, Kassotis CD, Maffini MV et al. Protocol for assessing the evidence of food contact chemicals monitored in humans. 2023; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7857837.

National Center for Environmental Health, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Updated tables, March 2021, volume three: Analysis of pooled serum samples for select chemicals, NHANES 2005-16. 2021.

Health Canada. Sixth report on human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in Canada. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/reports-publications/environmental-contaminants/sixth-report-human-biomonitoring.html. Accessed 7 February 2023.

HBM4EU. EU HBM Dashboard. 2022. https://www.hbm4eu.eu/what-we-do/european-hbm-platform/eu-hbm-dashboard/. Accessed 7 February 2023.

IPCHEM. Human Biomonitorin Data Module: HBM4EU-aggregated - HBM4EU aggregated workbook by VITO. 2022. https://ipchem.jrc.ec.europa.eu/#showmetadata/HBM4EUAGGREGATED. Accessed 7 February 2023.

Jung SK, Choi W, Kim SY, Hong S, Jeon HL, Joo Y, et al. Profile of environmental chemicals in the Korean population - Results of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3, 2015-2017. Int J Environ Res Pub He. 2022;19:626.

Article  Google Scholar 

Biomonitoring California. Chemicals biomonitored in California. 2022. https://biomonitoring.ca.gov/chemicals/chemicals-biomonitored-california. Accessed 7 February 2023.

Wishart DS, Guo A, Oler E, Wang F, Anjum A, Peters H, et al. HMDB 5.0: the Human Metabolome Database for 2022. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022;50:D622–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wishart Research Group. The Human Metabolome Database. https://hmdb.ca/. Accessed 7 February 2023.

Barupal DK, Fiehn O. Generating the Blood Exposome Database using a comprehensive text mining and database fusion approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127:97008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barupal D, Fiehn O. Blood Exposome Database. https://bloodexposome.org/. Accessed 9 February 2023.

Neveu V, Nicolas G, Salek RM, Wishart DS, Scalbert A. Exposome-Explorer 2.0: an update incorporating candidate dietary biomarkers and dietary associations with cancer risk. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;48:D908–12.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

IARC. Exposome Explorer 3.0. 2021. http://exposome-explorer.iarc.fr/. Accessed 9 February 2023.

Geueke B, Parkinson LV. S112 | FCCMIGEX | List of Migrating & Extractable Food Contact Chemicals (FCCmigex) by FPF. Zenodo. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10551195.

Groh KJ, Geueke B, Chirsir P, Schymanski EL, Muncke J. S77 | FCCDB | Food Contact Chemicals Database v5.0. Zenodo. 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7304977.

Mohammed Taha H, Aalizadeh R, Alygizakis N, Antignac J-P, Arp HPH, Bade R, et al. The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE): facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Eur. 2022;34:104.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, et al. ClassyFire: automated chemical classification with a comprehensive, computable taxonomy. J Cheminform. 2016;8:61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zweifel H, Maier RD, Schiller M Plastics Additives Handbook. Carl Hanser Verlag: Munich, Germany, 2009.

Kohl C, McIntosh EJ, Unger S, Haddaway NR, Kecke S, Schiemann J, et al. Online tools supporting the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and systematic maps: a case study on CADIMA and review of existing tools. Environ Evid. 2018;7:8.

Article  Google Scholar 

EC. Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, towards a toxic-free environment. COM(2020) 667 final. 2020.

ECHA. C&L Inventory. 2023. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database. Accessed 16 November 2023.

NITE. Chemical Management - GHS General Information. 2023. https://www.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/ghs_index.html. Accessed 16 November 2023.

Tkalec Ž, Codling G, Tratnik JS, Mazej D, Klánová J, Horvat M, et al. Suspect and non-targeted screening-based human biomonitoring identified 74 biomarkers of exposure in urine of Slovenian children. Environ Pollut. 2022;313:120091.