Gould K. Antibiotics: from prehistory to the present day. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(3):572–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radlinski L, Conlon BP. Antibiotic efficacy in the complex infection environment. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2018;42:19–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wicha SG, Martson AG, Nielsen EI, Koch BCP, Friberg LE, Alffenaar JW, et al. From therapeutic drug monitoring to model-informed precision dosing for antibiotics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;109(4):928–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adembri C, Novelli A. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of antimicrobials: potential for providing dosing regimens that are less vulnerable to resistance. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2009;48(8):517–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Xie H, Wang Y, Wang H, Hu J, Zhang G. Pharmacodynamic parameters of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration models. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9: 860472.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Darwich AS, Polasek TM, Aronson JK, Ogungbenro K, Wright DFB, Achour B, et al. Model-informed precision dosing: background, requirements, validation, implementation, and forward trajectory of individualizing drug therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2021;61:225–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang JS, Lee MH. Overview of therapeutic drug monitoring. Korean J Intern Med. 2009;24(1):1–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez-Gascon A, Solinis MA, Isla A. The role of PK/PD analysis in the development and evaluation of antimicrobials. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(6):833.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nielsen EI, Cars O, Friberg LE. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices of antibiotics predicted by a semimechanistic PKPD model: a step toward model-based dose optimization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(10):4619–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koch BCP, Muller AE, Hunfeld NGM, de Winter BCM, Ewoldt TMJ, Abdulla A, Endeman H. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antibiotics in critically ill patients: current practice and future perspectives with a focus on clinical outcome. Ther Drug Monit. 2022;44(1):11–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Shaer MH, Rubido E, Cherabuddi K, Venugopalan V, Klinker K, Peloquin C. Early therapeutic monitoring of beta-lactams and associated therapy outcomes in critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(12):3644–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanz-Codina M, Bozkir H, Jorda A, Zeitlinger M. Individualized antimicrobial dose optimization: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023;29(7):845–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mould DR, Upton RN. Basic concepts in population modeling, simulation, and model-based drug development-part 2: introduction to pharmacokinetic modeling methods. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2013;2(4): e38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duffull SB, Wright DF, Winter HR. Interpreting population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses—a clinical viewpoint. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(6):807–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rescigno A. The rise and fall of compartmental analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2001;44(4):337–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suri A, Chapel S, Lu C, Venkatakrishnan K. Physiologically based and population PK modeling in optimizing drug development: a predict-learn-confirm analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;98(3):336–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsamandouras N, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Aarons L. Combining the “bottom up” and “top down” approaches in pharmacokinetic modelling: fitting PBPK models to observed clinical data. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(1):48–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreira A, Lapa R, Vale N. PBPK modeling and simulation and therapeutic drug monitoring: possible ways for antibiotic dose adjustment. Processes. 2021;9(11):2087.

Article  Google Scholar 

Heus A, Uster DW, Grootaert V, Vermeulen N, Somers A, In’t Veld DH, et al. Model-informed precision dosing of vancomycin via continuous infusion: a clinical fit-for-purpose evaluation of published PK models. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2022;59(5): 106579.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duong A, Simard C, Williamson D, Marsot A. Tobramycin a priori dosing regimens based on PopPK model simulations in critically ill patients: are they transferable? Ther Drug Monit. 2023;45(5):616–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang N, Wang J, Xie Y, Ding J, Wu C, Liu J, Pei Q. External evaluation of population pharmacokinetic models to inform precision dosing of meropenem in critically ill patients. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13: 838205.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo T, van Hest RM, Zwep LB, Roggeveen LF, Fleuren LM, Bosman RJ, et al. Optimizing predictive performance of bayesian forecasting for vancomycin concentration in intensive care patients. Pharm Res. 2020;37(9):171.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Javaid M, Haleem A, Pratap Singh R, Suman R, Rab S. Significance of machine learning in healthcare: features, pillars and applications. Int J Intell Netw. 2022;3:58–73.

Google Scholar 

Stankevičiūtė K, Woillard J-B, Peck RW, Marquet P, van der Schaar M. Bridging the worlds of pharmacometrics and machine learning. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2023;62(11):1551–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang Z, Denti P, Mistry H, Kloprogge F. Machine learning and artificial intelligence in PK-PD modeling: fad, friend, or foe? Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2024;115(4):652–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang BH, Zhang JY, Allegaert K, Hao GX, Yao BF, Leroux S, et al. Use of machine learning for dosage individualization of vancomycin in neonates. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2023;62(8):1105–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Destere A, Marquet P, Labriffe M, Drici MD, Woillard JB. A hybrid algorithm combining population pharmacokinetic and machine learning for isavuconazole exposure prediction. Pharm Res. 2023;40(4):951–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li G, Sun Y, Zhu L. Application of machine learning combined with population pharmacokinetics to improve individual prediction of vancomycin clearance in simulated adult patients. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1352113.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sherwin C, Kiang T, Spigarelli M, Ensom M. Fundamentals of population pharmacokinetic modelling: validation methods. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012;51:573–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo T, van Hest RM, Roggeveen LF, Fleuren LM, Thoral PJ, Bosman RJ, et al. External evaluation of population pharmacokinetic models of vancomycin in large cohorts of intensive care unit patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(5):e02543-e2618.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central