Axelrod, S., Spreat, S., Berry, B., Moyer, L. (1993). A decision-making model for selecting the optimal treatment procedure. In R. Van Houten & S. Axelrod (Eds.), Behavior analysis and treatment: Applied clinical psychology (pp. 183-202). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9374-1_8

Barrett, R. P., & Linn, D. M. (1981). Treatment of stereotyped toe walking with overcorrection and physical therapy. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 2, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-3092(81)90003-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barrow, W. J., Jaworski, M., & Accardo, P. J. (2011). Persistent toe walking in autism. Journal of Child Neurology, 26, 619–621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073810385344

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Charlop, M. H., Burgio, L. D., Iwata, B. A., & Ivancic, M. T. (1988). Stimulus variation as a means of enhancing punishment effects. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1988.21-89

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Engström, P., & Tedroff, K. (2018). Idiopathic toe-walking: Prevalence and natural history from birth to ten years of age. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 100(8), 640–647. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.17.00851

Article  Google Scholar 

Fisher, W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., Hagopian, L. P., & Langdon, N. A. (1994). Empirically derived consequences: A data-based method for prescribing treatments for destructive behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15(2), 133–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(94)90018-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fox, A., Deakin, S., Pettigrew, G., & Paton, R. (2006). Serial casting in the treatment of idiopathic toe-walkers and review of the literature. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica, 72(6), 722.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hagopian, L. P., Rooker, G. W., & Zarcone, J. R. (2015). Delineating subtypes of self-injurious behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(3), 523–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.236

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haynes, K. B., Wimberly, R. L., VanPelt, J. M., Jo, C. H., Riccio, A. I., & Delgado, M. R. (2018). Toe walking: A neurological perspective after referral from pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, 38(3), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000001115

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hemo, Y., Macdessi, S., Pierce, R., Aiona, M., & Sussman, M. (2006). Outcome of patients after Achilles tendon lengthening for treatment of idiopathic toe walking. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, 26(3), 336–340. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.bpo.0000217743.44609.44

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herrin, K., & Geil, M. (2016). A comparison of orthoses in the treatment of idiopathic toe walking: A randomized controlled trial. Prosthetics & Orthotics International, 40(2), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364614564023

Hirst, E. S. J., Lockenour, F. M., & Allen, J. L. (2019). Decreasing toe walking with differential reinforcement of other behavior, verbal rules, and feedback. Education & Treatment of Children, 42(2), 185–200. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26623053

Hobbs, S. A., Altman, K., & Halldin, M. A. (1980). Modification of a child’s deviant walking pattern: An alternative to surgery. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 11, 227–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(80)90033-6

Article  Google Scholar 

Hodges, A. C., Betz, A. M., Wilder, D. A., & Antia, K. (2019). The use of contingent acoustical feedback to decrease toe walking in a child with autism. Education & Treatment of Children, 42(2), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2019.0007

Article  Google Scholar 

Hodges, A., Wilder, D., & Ertel, H. (2018). The use of a multiple schedule to decrease toe walking in a child with autism. Behavioral Interventions, 33(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1528

Article  Google Scholar 

Hodges, A., Wilder, D., & Ertel, E. (2023). Assessment and treatment of toe walking. In J. Matson (Ed.), Applied behavior analysis: A comprehensive handbook (pp. 1199–1214). Springer.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Lancioni, G. E., Singh, N. N., O’Reilly, M. F., Sigafoos, J., La Martire, M. L., Olivia, D., & Groeneweg, J. (2012). Technology-based programs to promote walking fluency or improve foot-ground contact during walking: Two case studies of adults with multiple disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(1), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.08.029

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

LeBlanc, L. A., Raetz, P. B., Sellers, T. P., & Carr, J. E. (2016). A proposed model for selecting measurement procedures for the assessment and treatment of problem behavior. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 9(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-015-0063-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lerman, D. C., & Vorndran, C. M. (2002). On the status of knowledge for using punishment: Implications for treating behavior disorders. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35(4), 431–464. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2002.35-431

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leyden, J., Fung, L., & Frick, S. (2019). Autism and toe-walking: Are they related? Trends and treatment patterns between 2005 and 2016. Journal of Children’s Orthopaedics, 13(4), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.13.180160

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marcus, A., Sinnott, B., Bradley, S., & Grey, I. (2010). Treatment of idiopathic toe walking in children with autism using GaitSpot Auditory Speakers and simplified habit reversal. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(2), 260–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.09.012

Article  Google Scholar 

Persicke, A., Jackson, M., & Adams, A. N. (2014). Brief report: An evaluation of TAGteach components to decrease toe-walking in a 4-year-old child with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 44(4), 965–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1934-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Querim, A. C., Iwata, B. A., Roscoe, E. M., Schlichenmeyer, K. J., Ortega, J. V., & Hurl, K. E. (2013). Functional analysis screening for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.26

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rooker, G. W., Bonner, A. C., Dillon, C. M., & Zarcone, J. R. (2018). Behavioral treatment of automatically reinforced SIB: 1982–2015. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(4), 974–997. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.492

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sala, D. A., Shulman, L. H., Kennedy, R. F., Grant, A. D., & Chu, M. Y. (1999). Idiopathic toe-walking: A review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 41(4), 846–848. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00553.x

Article  Google Scholar 

Saini, V., Greer, B. D., Fisher, W. W., Lichtblau, K. R., DeSouza, A. A., & Mitteer, D. R. (2016). Individual and combined effects of noncontingent reinforcement and response blocking on automatically reinforced problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49, 693–698. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.306

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sätilä, H., Beilmann, A., Olsén, P., Helander, H., Eskelinen, M., & Huhtala, H. (2016). Does botulinum toxin A treatment enhance the walking pattern in idiopathic toe-walking? Neuropediatrics, 47(3), 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1582138

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simmons, C. A., Zangrillo, A. N., Fisher, W. W., & Zemantic, P. K. (2022). An evaluation of a caregiver-implemented stimulus avoidance assessment and corresponding treatment package. Behavioral Development, 27(1–2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1037/bdb0000107

Article  Google Scholar 

van Bemmel, A. F., van de Graaf, V. A., van den Bekerom, M. P., & Vergroesen, D. A. (2014). Outcome after conservative and operative treatment of children with idiopathic toe walking: A systematic review of literature. Musculoskeletal Surgery, 98(2), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12306-013-0309-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilder, D. A., Ertel, H., Hodges, A. C., Thomas, R., & Luong, N. (2020). The use of auditory feedback and edible reinforcement to decrease toe walking among children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 53(1), 554–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.607

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilder, D., Ingram, G., & Hodges, A. (2022). Evaluation of shoe inserts to reduce toe walking in young children with autism. Behavioral Interventions, 37(4), 754–765. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1860

Article  Google Scholar