Goodin DS. The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: insights to disease pathogenesis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;122:231–66.
Ramagopalan SV, Sadovnick AD. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Clin. 2011;29:207–17.
Walton C, et al. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS. Multiple Scler J. 2020;26:1816–21.
Attfield KE, Jensen LT, Kaufmann M, Friese MA, Fugger L. The immunology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022;22:734–50.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bjornevik K, et al. Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Sci (1979). 2022;375:296–301.
Thompson AJ, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:162–73.
Gobbin F, et al. 2017 McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis: earlier diagnosis with reduced specificity? Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;29:23–5.
Wattjes MP, et al. 2021 MAGNIMS–CMSC–NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:653–70.
Paul F, et al. Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a 3-year prospective multicenter study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8:2235–51.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rao SM, et al. Multiple sclerosis performance test: validation of self-administered neuroperformance modules. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27:878–86.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
La Rosa F et al. Cortical lesions, central vein sign, and paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis: emerging machine learning techniques and future avenues. Neuroimage Clin 103205 (2022).
Huang J, et al. Inflammation-related plasma and CSF biomarkers for multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117:12952–60.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wuschek A, et al. Somatosensory evoked potentials and magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system in early multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2023;270:824–30.
Lambe J, Saidha S, Bermel RA. Optical coherence tomography and multiple sclerosis: update on clinical application and role in clinical trials. Multiple Scler J. 2020;26:624–39.
Haug CJ, Drazen JM. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in clinical medicine, 2023. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:1201–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Meskó B, Görög M. A short guide for medical professionals in the era of artificial intelligence. NPJ Digit Med. 2020;3:126.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
AI vs Machine Learning. How Do They Differ? Googlehttps://cloud.google.com/learn/artificial-intelligence-vs-machine-learning.
Google. What is Machine Learning? https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/intro-to-ml/what-is-ml.
Auger SD, Jacobs BM, Dobson R, Marshall CR, Noyce AJ. Big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence: a neurologist’s guide. Pract Neurol (2020).
Briganti G, Le Moine O. Artificial intelligence in medicine: today and tomorrow. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:27.
Afzal HMR, Luo S, Ramadan S, Lechner-Scott J. The emerging role of artificial intelligence in multiple sclerosis imaging. Multiple Scler J. 2022;28:849–58.
Jones DT, Kerber KA. Artificial intelligence and the practice of neurology in 2035: the neurology future forecasting series. Neurology. 2022;98:238–45.
Patel UK, et al. Artificial intelligence as an emerging technology in the current care of neurological disorders. J Neurol. 2021;268:1623–42.
Soun JE, et al. Artificial intelligence and acute stroke imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 2021;42:2–11.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rudie JD, Rauschecker AM, Bryan RN, Davatzikos C, Mohan S. Emerging applications of artificial intelligence in neuro-oncology. Radiology. 2019;290:607–18.
Calabrese E, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Cha S. A fully automated artificial intelligence method for non-invasive, imaging-based identification of genetic alterations in glioblastomas. Sci Rep. 2020;10:11852.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
An S, Kang C, Lee HW. Artificial intelligence and computational approaches for epilepsy. J Epilepsy Res. 2020;10:8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sibley KG, Girges C, Hoque E, Foltynie T. Video-based analyses of Parkinson’s disease severity: a brief review. J Parkinsons Dis. 2021;11:S83–93.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mezzaroba L, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory diagnostic biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: a machine learning study. Mol Neurobiol. 2020;57:2167–78.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Seitz CB, et al. Serum neurofilament levels reflect outer retinal layer changes in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021;14:17562864211003478.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brummer T, et al. Improved prediction of early cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis combining blood and imaging biomarkers. Brain Commun. 2022;4:fcac153.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gaetani L, et al. The Immune signature of CSF in multiple sclerosis with and without Oligoclonal bands: a Machine Learning Approach to Proximity Extension Assay Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;25:139.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Martynova E et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine biomarkers for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2020, (2020).
Lopez-Soley E, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging metrics associated with future disability in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep. 2023;13:3565.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eshaghi A et al. Identifying multiple sclerosis subtypes using unsupervised machine learning and MRI data. Nat Commun 12, 2078 (2021).).** The authors used unsupervised machine learning over the brain scans of 6322 MS patients to define new MS subtypes based on MRI data only. This led to three MS subtypes as cortex-led, normal-appearing white matter-led, and lesion-led that better define disability progression and response to treatment.
Zhang L, Dai H, Sang Y. Med-SRNet: GAN-based medical image super-resolution via high-resolution representation learning. Comput Intell Neurosci 2022, (2022).
Bouman PM, et al. Artificial double inversion recovery images for (juxta) cortical lesion visualization in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Scler J. 2022;28:541–9.
Alexander DC, et al. Image quality transfer and applications in diffusion MRI. NeuroImage. 2017;152:283–98.
Cerri S, et al. A contrast-adaptive method for simultaneous whole-brain and lesion segmentation in multiple sclerosis. NeuroImage. 2021;225:117471.
Billot B, et al. SynthSeg: segmentation of brain MRI scans of any contrast and resolution without retraining. Med Image Anal. 2023;86:102789. In this paper the authors overcome the AI problem of the domain adaptation fully randomising the generation of images of multiple contrast and resolution using generative models. This generative AI approach, applied to MRI brain segmentation, exhibits an excellent generalisation compared to other AI solutions.
Comments (0)