*Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven, Belgium

†Department of Quality, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium

‡Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium

§Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium

A.V.W. and L.B. are joint first authors.

S.J. and K.V. are joint last authors.

A.V.W., B.C., D.D.R., S.J., and K.V. were involved in study concept and design. A.V.W. and K.V. were involved in acquisition of data. A.V.W., L.B., and B.C. were involved in analysis and interpretation of data; A.V.W. was involved in draftingof the manuscript. A.V.W., L.B., B.C., F.C., D.D.R., K.V., and S.J. were involved in critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectualcontent. B.C. and F.C. were statistical analysis. D.D.R. and K.V. were involved in obtaining funding. L.B., B.C., D.D.R., and K.V. were involved in supervision.

This research was funded by Flemish hospital association Zorgnet-Icuro, who supported this research by means of the research chair: “Zorgnet-Icuro Research Chair: Future of Hospital Quality.”

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Correspondence to: Astrid Van Wilder, PhD, Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected].