Seeman E. Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men. Lancet. 2002;359(9320):1841–50.
Siris ES, et al. Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(10):1108–12.
Schuit SC, et al. Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study. Bone. 2004;34(1):195–202.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Martel D, Monga A, Chang G. Osteoporosis Imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 2022;60(4):537–45.
Farr JN, Khosla S. Skeletal changes through the lifespan–from growth to senescence. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(9):513–21.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Adams AL, et al. Osteoporosis and hip fracture risk from routine computed tomography scans: the Fracture, Osteoporosis, and CT Utilization Study (FOCUS). J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(7):1291–301.
Bouxsein ML. Technology insight: noninvasive assessment of bone strength in osteoporosis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4(6):310–8.
Samelson EJ, et al. Cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture as an independent predictor of incident fracture risk in older women and men in the Bone Microarchitecture International Consortium (BoMIC): a prospective study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(1):34–43.
Mikolajewicz N, et al. HR-pQCT measures of bone microarchitecture predict fracture: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2019;35(3):446–59.
Biver E, et al. Evaluation of radius microstructure and areal bone mineral density improves fracture prediction in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(2):328–37.
Loundagain LL, et al. Bringing mechanical context to image-based measurements of bone integrity. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2021;19(5):542–52.
Schlecht SH, Bigelow EM, Jepsen KJ. Mapping the natural variation in whole bone stiffness and strength across skeletal sites. Bone. 2014;67:15–22.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
•• Whittier DE, et al. Bone microarchitecture phenotypes identified in older adults are associated with different levels of osteoporotic fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. 2021;37(3):428–39. Study demonstrating the presence of bone microarchitecture phenotypes in older adults and the stratification of fracture risk based on phenotype.
•• Bolger MW, et al. External bone size identifies different strength-decline trajectories for the male human femora. J Struct Biol. 2020;212(3):107650. Study demonstrating that wide versus narrow bones in males have difference age-related declines in bone strength due to differences in adaptation of structural traits.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Frost HM. The mechanostat: a proposed pathogenic mechanism of osteoporoses and the bone mass effects of mechanical and nonmechanical agents. Bone Miner. 1987;2(2):73–85.
Riggs BL, et al. Population-based study of age and sex differences in bone volumetric density, size, geometry, and structure at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(12):1945–54.
Ammann P, Rizzoli R. Bone strength and its determinants. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(Suppl 3):S13–8.
Cheng XG, et al. Assessment of the strength of proximal femur in vitro: relationship to femoral bone mineral density and femoral geometry. Bone. 1997;20(3):213–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kontulainen SA, et al. Strength indices from pQCT imaging predict up to 85% of variance in bone failure properties at tibial epiphysis and diaphysis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2008;8(4):401–9.
Currey JD. Bone strength: what are we trying to measure? Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;68(4):205–10.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bouxsein ML. Determinants of skeletal fragility. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005;19(6):897–911.
Khosla S. Evidence in humans for bone as an endocrine organ regulating energy metabolism. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2023;31:100471.
Jepsen KJ, et al. Femoral neck external size but not aBMD predicts structural and mass changes for women transitioning through menopause. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(6):1218–28.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jepsen KJ, et al. Associations among hip structure, bone mineral density, and strength vary with external bone size in white women. JBMR Plus. 2023;7(3): e10715. Study demonstrating how women with wide versus narrow bone phenotypes have differening bone traits, indicating a coordinated adapation of overall bone structure.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bigelow EM, et al. External bone size is a key determinant of strength-decline trajectories of aging male radii. J Bone Miner Res. 2019;34(5):825–37.
Jepsen KJ, Bigelow EM, Schlecht SH. Women build long bones with less cortical mass relative to body size and bone size compared with men. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(8):2530–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schlecht SH, Bigelow EM, Jepsen KJ. How does bone strength compare across sex, site, and ethnicity? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(8):2540–7.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
van den Bergh JP, et al. The clinical application of high-resolution peripheral computed tomography (HR-pQCT) in adults: state of the art and future directions. Osteoporos Int. 2021;32(8):1465–85.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Amin S, Khosla S. Sex- and age-related differences in bone microarchitecture in men relative to women assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Osteoporos. 2012;2012: 129760.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Boutroy S, et al. Microarchitecture and peripheral BMD are impaired in postmenopausal white women with fracture independently of total hip T-score: an international multicenter study. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(6):1158–66.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Burt LA, et al. Lower bone density, impaired microarchitecture, and strength predict future fragility fracture in postmenopausal women: 5-year follow-up of the Calgary CaMos Cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(4):589–97.
Whittier DE, Burt LA, Boyd SK. A new approach for quantifying localized bone loss by measuring void spaces. Bone. 2021;143: 115785.
Edwards MH, et al. Cluster analysis of bone microarchitecture from high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography demonstrates two separate phenotypes associated with high fracture risk in men and women. Bone. 2016;88:131–7.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Litwic AE, et al. Bone phenotype assessed by HRpQCT and Associations with Fracture Risk in the GLOW Study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(1):14–22.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Westbury LD, et al. Cluster analysis of finite element analysis and bone microarchitectural parameters identifies phenotypes with high fracture risk. Calcif Tissue Int. 2019;105(3):252–62.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Whittier DE, et al. Hip fractures in older adults are associated with the low density bone phenotype and heterogeneous deterioration of bone microarchitecture. J Bone Miner Res. 2022;37(10):1963–72. Study demonstrating how individuals with hip fractures are predominantly associated with a specific phenotype in combination with structural bone deterioration.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Schlecht SH, Jepsen KJ. Functional integration of skeletal traits: an intraskeletal assessment of bone size, mineralization, and volume covariance. Bone. 2013;56(1):127–38.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Matkovic V, et al. Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. Inference from a cross-sectional model. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(2):799–808.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Markou KB, et al. Bone acquisition during adolescence in athletes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1205:12–6.
Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC Jr. The contribution of bone loss to postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1990;1(1):30–4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rosen CJ. The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis. In: Feingold KR et al., editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA); 2000.
Baxter-Jones AD, et al. Bone mineral accrual from 8 to 30 years of age: an estimation of peak bone mass. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(8):1729–39.
Comments (0)