•Bu X, Li S, Cheng A, Ng P, Xu X, Xia Y, Liu X. Breast cancer stigma scale: a reliable and valid stigma measure for patients with breast cancer. Front Psychol 2022;13:841280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841280. (Findings of this study suggest that using a valid and reliable scale for screening the patients with breast cancer stigma may be helpful for stigma prevention)
Cultural Atlas. Iraqi culture. 2023. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/iraqi-culture/iraqi-culture-family. Accessed 2 July 2023
Zhang Y, Zhao J, Jiang N, Liu Y, Wang T, Yu X, et al. The association between comorbidities and stigma among breast cancer survivors. Sci Rep. 2022;12:13682. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15460-8.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
WHO. Breast cancer. 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer. Accessed 3 July 2023
AL-Hashimi M. Trends in breast cancer incidence in Iraq during the period. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2021;22(12):3889–96. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.12.3889.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
WHO. The Global Cancer Observatory. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2021. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/368-iraq-fact-sheets.pdf. Accessed 4 July 2023
Amen K, Abdullah O, Amin A, Mohamed Z, Hasan B, Shekha M, et al. Cancer incidence in the Kurdistan region of Iraq: results of a seven-year cancer registration in Erbil and Duhok Governorates. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022;23(2). https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2022.23.2.601
Abood R, Abdahmed K, Mazyed S. Epidemiology of different types of cancers reported in Basra. Iraq Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2020;20(3):e295–300. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2020.20.03.008.
Mohammed H, Shakoor J, Mahmood N, Kumait A, Kareem A. Prevalence of cancer cases among the population of Kirkuk, Iraq from 2016–2020. RMJ. 2023;48(1):3–6. https://doi.org/10.5455/rmj20221119075443.
Ohaeri JU, Campbell OB, Ilesanmil AO, Ohaeri BM. Psychosocial concerns of Nigerian women with breast and cervical cancer. Psycho Oncol. 1998;7:494–501.
Cho J, Choi EK, Kim SY, Shin DW, Cho BL, Kim CH, et al. Association between cancer stigma and depression among cancer survivors: a nationwide survey in Korea. Psycho Oncol. 2013;22:2372–8.
Phelan SM, Griffin JM, Jackson GL, Zafar SY, Hellerstedt W, Stahre M, et al. Stigma, perceived blame, self-blame, and depressive symptoms in men with colorectal cancer. Psycho Oncol. 2013;22:65–73.
Fujisawa D, Umezawa S, Fujimori M, Miyashita M. Prevalence and associated factors of perceived cancer-related stigma in Japanese cancer survivors. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2020;50:1325–9.
Corrigan PW, Watson AC, Barr L. The self-stigma of mental illness: implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2006;25:875–84. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.875.
Corrigan PW, Watson AC. The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2002;9:35. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.1.35.
Watt M, Suneje G, Zimba C, Westmoreland K, Bula A, Cutler L, et al. Cancer-related stigma in Malawi: narratives of cancer survivors. JCO Global Oncol. 2023;9:e2200307. https://doi.org/10.1200/GO.22.00307.
Wang Q, Bai Y, Lu G, Zhang C. Perceived health-related stigma among patients with breast cancer. Chin Nurs Res. 2017;4(4):158–61.
Ernst J, Mehnert A, Dietz A, Hornemann B, Esser P. Perceived stigmatization and its impact on quality of life - results from a large register-based study including breast, colon, prostate and lung cancer patients. BMC Cancer. 2017;17:741. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3742-2.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Salem H, Daher-Nashif S. Psychosocial aspects of female breast cancer in the Middle East and North Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186802.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
••Jin RQ, Xie TT, Zhang LJ, Gong N, Zhang JN. Stigma and its influencing factors among breast cancer survivors in China: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2021;52:101972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2021.101972. (Findings of this research indicate that stigma is present among women with breast cancer and many factors play role to having this feeling)
Chagpar A, Qader S, Baqri M. Khoshnood K, Ahmed H. Does perceived stigma or shame affect stage of presentation in Iraqi Kurdish women diagnosed with breast cancer?. J Clin Oncol 2022;40(16_suppl). https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.e18680
Tripathi L, Datta S, Agrawal S, Chatterjee S, Ahmed R. Stigma perceived by women following surgery for breast cancer. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2017;38(2):146–52. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_74_16.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tang, Wz., Yusuf, A., Jia, K. et al. Correlates of stigma for patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07506-4
Melhem S, Nabhani-Gebara S, Kayyali R. Latency of breast cancer stigma during survivorship and its influencing factors: a qualitative study. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1075298. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1075298.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zamanian H, Amini-Tehrani M, Jalaly Z, Daryaafzoon M, Ramezani F, Malek N, et al. Stigma and quality of life in women with breast cancer: mediation and moderation model of social support, sense of coherence, and coping strategies. Front Psychol 2022;13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.657992
Dewan M, Hassouneh D, Song M, Lyons K. Development of the Breast Cancer Stigma Scale for Arab patients. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs. 2020;7(3):295–300. https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_14_20.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sabih W, Taher J, El-Jabari C, Hajat C, Adib S, Harrison O. Barriers to breast cancer screening and treatment among women in Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Global Health. 2012;22(2):148–54.
Donnelly TT, Al Khater AH, Al-Bader SB, Al kuwari MG, Al-meer N, Malik M, et al. Beliefs and attitudes about breast cancer and screening practices among Arab women living in Qatar: a cross-sectional study. BMC Women’s Health. 2013;13:49. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-13-49.
Comments (0)