aDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, Louisiana

bMcGuire Research Institute, Richmond Veterans Affairs Medical Center

cDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia

dDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

eDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University

fSoutheast Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Richmond Veterans Affairs Medical Center

gDepartment of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA

Received 23 February 2023 Accepted 31 August 2023.

*Deepak Kumbhare and Md Ali Azam contributed equally to the writing of this article.

Supplemental Digital Content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's website, www.neuroreport.com.

Correspondence to Mark S. Baron, Southeast/Richmond Veterans Affairs Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Richmond Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23220, USA, E-mail: [email protected]