Laupland KB, Ross T, Pitout JD, Church DL, Gregson DB. Community-onset urinary tract infections: a population-based assessment. Infection. 2007;35:150–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-007-6180-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wändell P, Carlsson AC, Wettermark B, Lord G, Cars T, Ljunggren G. Most common diseases diagnosed in primary care in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2011. Fam Pract. 2013;30:506–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmt033.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wheeler MA, Hausladen DA, Yoon JH, Weiss RM. Prostaglandin E2 production and cyclooxygenase-2 induction in human urinary tract infections and bladder cancer. J Urol. 2002;168:1568–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000030583.31299.80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farkas A, Alajem D, Dekel S, Binderman I. Urinary prostaglandin E2 in acute bacterial cystitis. J Urol. 1980;124:455–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55493-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foxman B. Recurring urinary tract infection: incidence and risk factors. Am J Public Health. 1990;80:331–3. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.80.3.331.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sanchez GV, Babiker A, Master RN, Luu T, Mathur A, Bordon J. Antibiotic resistance among urinary isolates from female outpatients in the United States in 2003 and 2012. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:2680–3. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02897-15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barber AE, Norton JP, Spivak AM, Mulvey MA. Urinary tract infections: current and emerging management strategies. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:719–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit284.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bleidorn J, Gágyor I, Kochen MM, Wegscheider K, Hummers-Pradier E. Symptomatic treatment (ibuprofen) or antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) for uncomplicated urinary tract infection?--results of a randomized controlled pilot trial. BMC Med. 2010;8:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gágyor I, Bleidorn J, Kochen MM, Schmiemann G, Wegscheider K, Hummers-Pradier E. Ibuprofen versus fosfomycin for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015;351:h6544. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6544.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aloush SM, Al-Awamreh K, Abu Sumaqa Y, Halabi M, Al Bashtawy M, Salama FB. Effectiveness of antibiotics versus ibuprofen in relieving symptoms of nosocomial urinary tract infection: a comparative study. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2019;31:60–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/jxx.0000000000000101.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vik I, Bollestad M, Grude N, Bærheim A, Damsgaard E, Neumark T, Bjerrum L, Cordoba G, Olsen IC, Lindbæk M. Ibuprofen versus pivmecillinam for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women-A double-blind, randomized non-inferiority trial. PLoS Med. 2018;15:e1002569. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002569.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kronenberg A, Bütikofer L, Odutayo A, Mühlemann K, da Costa BR, Battaglia M, Meli DN, Frey P, Limacher A, Reichenbach S, et al. Symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in the ambulatory setting: randomised, double blind trial. BMJ. 2017;359:j4784. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4784.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chromek M, Slamova Z, Bergman P, Kovacs L, Podracka L, Ehren I, Hokfelt T, Gudmundsson GH, Gallo RL, Agerberth B, et al. The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects the urinary tract against invasive bacterial infection. Nat Med. 2006;12:636–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1407.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Becknell B, Spencer JD, Carpenter AR, Chen X, Singh A, Ploeger S, Kline J, Ellsworth P, Li B, Proksch E, et al. Expression and antimicrobial function of beta-defensin 1 in the lower urinary tract. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e77714. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077714.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spencer JD, Schwaderer AL, Wang H, Bartz J, Kline J, Eichler T, DeSouza KR, Sims-Lucas S, Baker P, Hains DS. Ribonuclease 7, an antimicrobial peptide upregulated during infection, contributes to microbial defense of the human urinary tract. Kidney Int. 2013;83:615–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2012.410.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bender K, Schwartz LL, Cohen A, Vasquez CM, Murtha MJ, Eichler T, Thomas JP, Jackson A, Spencer JD. Expression and function of human ribonuclease 4 in the kidney and urinary tract. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2021;320:F972–f983. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00592.2020.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ostergaard M, Wolf H, Orntoft TF, Celis JE. Psoriasin (S100A7): a putative urinary marker for the follow-up of patients with bladder squamous cell carcinomas. Electrophoresis. 1999;20(19990201):349–54. DOI 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990201)20:2<349::aid-elps349>3.0.co;2-b.

Bacchi S, Palumbo P, Sponta A, Coppolino MF. Clinical pharmacology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a review. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2012;11:52–64. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152312803476255.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamolvit W, Nilsén V, Zambrana S, Mohanty S, Gonzales E, Östenson CG, Brauner A. (2018) Lupinus mutabilis Edible Beans protect against bacterial infection in Uroepithelial cells. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM 2018: 1098015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1098015.

Hertting O, Holm A, Luthje P, Brauner H, Dyrdak R, Jonasson AF, Wiklund P, Chromek M, Brauner A. Vitamin D induction of the human antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in the urinary bladder. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e15580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015580.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robertson MJ, Cochran KJ, Cameron C, Le JM, Tantravahi R, Ritz J. Characterization of a cell line, NKL, derived from an aggressive human natural killer cell leukemia. Exp Hematol. 1996;24:406–15.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oh H, Siano B, Diamond S. Neutrophil isolation protocol. J Visualized Experiments: JoVE. 2008. https://doi.org/10.3791/745.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

An Y, Yao J, Niu X. (2021) The signaling pathway of PGE(2) and its Regulatory Role in T Cell differentiation. Mediators of inflammation 2021: 9087816. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9087816.

Zec K, Volke J, Vijitha N, Thiebes S, Gunzer M, Kurts C, Engel DR. Neutrophil Migration into the infected uroepithelium is regulated by the crosstalk between Resident and Helper Macrophages. Pathogens. 2016;5. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens5010015.

Lacerda Mariano L, Rousseau M, Varet H, Legendre R, Gentek R, Saenz Coronilla J, Bajenoff M, Gomez Perdiguero E, Ingersoll MA. Functionally distinct resident macrophage subsets differentially shape responses to infection in the bladder. Sci Adv. 2020;6. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc5739.

Satoh T, Otsuka A, Contassot E, French LE. The inflammasome and IL-1β: implications for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Immunotherapy. 2015;7:243–54. https://doi.org/10.2217/imt.14.106.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang D, Elner SG, Bian ZM, Till GO, Petty HR, Elner VM. Pro-inflammatory cytokines increase reactive oxygen species through mitochondria and NADPH oxidase in cultured RPE cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007;85:462–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2007.06.013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, Rajkovic J, Tsouh Fokou PV, Azzini E, Peluso I, et al. Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and Antioxidants: back and forth in the pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases. Front Physiol. 2020;11:694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00694.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hattori F, Kiatsurayanon C, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Ikeda S, Okamoto K, Niyonsaba F. The antimicrobial protein S100A7/psoriasin enhances the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers and strengthens the skin’s tight junction barrier. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171:742–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13125.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohanty S, Kamolvit W, Scheffschick A, Björklund A, Tovi J, Espinosa A, Brismar K, Nyström T, Schröder JM, Östenson CG, et al. Diabetes downregulates the antimicrobial peptide psoriasin and increases E. coli burden in the urinary bladder. Nat Commun. 2022;13:4983. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32636-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bernard JJ, Gallo RL. Cyclooxygenase-2 enhances antimicrobial peptide expression and killing of Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950). 2010;185:6535–44. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1002009.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

García G, de Muñoz FL, Martínez-Barnetche J, Lanz-Mendoza H, Rodríguez MH, Hernández-Hernández FC. Prostaglandin E2 modulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the fat body and midgut of Anopheles albimanus. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2008;68:14–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.20232.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chamorro CI, Weber G, Grönberg A, Pivarcsi A, Ståhle M. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 suppresses apoptosis in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:937–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.321.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bianchi R, Giambanco I, Donato R. S100B/RAGE-dependent activation of microglia via NF-kappaB and AP-1 co-regulation of COX-2 expression by S100B, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Neurobiol Aging. 2010;31:665–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.017.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ozer A, Altuntas CZ, Bicer F, Izgi K, Hultgren SJ, Liu G, Daneshgari F. Impaired cytokine expression, neutrophil infiltration and bacterial clearance in response to urinary tract infection in diabetic mice. Pathog Dis. 2015;73. https://doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftv002.

Molina-Holgado E, Ortiz S, Molina-Holgado F, Guaza C. Induction of COX-2 and PGE(2) biosynthesis by IL-1beta is mediated by PKC and mitogen-activated protein kinases in murine astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;131:152–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0703557.