Department of Nursing & Nursing Department, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology & Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, ChiaYi, Taiwan (Dr Hung); College of Nursing, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso (Drs Kao and Jimenez); and College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Mr Tonapa and Dr Lee).

Correspondence: Bih-O Lee, PhD, RN, College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan ([email protected]).

Dates: Submitted December 11, 2022; Revised April 11, 2023; Accepted April 15, 2023.

Supported by National Science Council (grant number: MOST 105-2628-B-255 -002 -MY2).

The authors thank the participants who joined this study and contributed their time and experience for this nursing research.

Bih-O Lee contributed to study design and data collection; Chang-Chiao Hung, data analysis; Chang-Chiao Hung and Santo Imanuel Tonapa, drafting the manuscript; and Hsueh-Fen S. Kao and Sarah Y. Jimenez, revising the manuscript and recommending statistical analysis.

The authors declared no conflicts of interest.