Mainiero MB, Moy L, Baron P, Didwania AD, diFlorio RM, Green ED, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Breast Cancer Screening. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(11S):S383–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.08.044.
Kim HJ, Kim S, Freedman RA, Partridge AH. The impact of young age at diagnosis (age <40 years) on prognosis varies by breast cancer subtype: A U.S. SEER database analysis. Breast. 2022;61: 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2021.12.006. Findings from this study suggest that with modern clinical subtyping, age below 40 remains independently associated with poorer outcomes at 30 months of follow-up among ER-positive, lower-grade cancers.
Hu X, Myers KS, Oluyemi ET, Philip M, Azizi A, Ambinder EB. Presentation and characteristics of breast cancer in young women under age 40. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2021;186(1):209–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-06000-x. Findings from this study suggest prompt breast imaging for young women presenting with breast-related symptoms or an incidental breast finding, as younger patients have more aggressive cancer subtypes and are of a higher grade at presentation compared to older women. To minimize delays in diagnosis, the study also recommends carefully distinguishing suspicious symptoms from pregnancy-related breast changes.
Copson E, Eccles B, Maishman T, Gerty S, Stanton L, et al. POSH Study Steering Group. Prospective observational study of breast cancer treatment outcomes for UK women aged 18–40 years at diagnosis: the POSH study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(13):978–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt134.
Yoon TI, Kwak BS, Yi OV, Kim S, Um E, Yun KW, et al. Age-related risk factors associated with primary contralateral breast cancer among younger women versus older women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019;173(3):657–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-5031-4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Avci O, Tacar SY, Seber ES, Yetisyigit T. Breast cancer in young and very young women; Is age related to outcome? J Cancer Res Ther. 2021;17(6):1322–1327. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_545_20.
Chen HL, Zhou MQ, Tian W, Meng KX, He HF. Effect of age on breast cancer patient prognoses: A population-based study using the SEER 18 database. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0165409. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165409.
Sprague BL, Gangnon RE, Burt V, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM, Wellman RD, et al. Prevalence of mammographically dense breasts in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(10):dju255. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju255.
Østerås BH, Martinsen ACT, Gullien R, Skaane P. Digital Mammography versus breast tomosynthesis: Impact of breast density on diagnostic performance in population-based screening. Radiology. 2019;293(1):60–8. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019190425.
Phi XA, Tagliafico A, Houssami N, Greuter MJW, de Bock GH. Digital breast tomosynthesis for breast cancer screening and diagnosis in women with dense breasts - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):380. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4263-3.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Whelehan P, Ali K, Vinnicombe S, Ball G, Cox J, Farry P, et al. Digital breast tomosynthesis: sensitivity for cancer in younger symptomatic women. Br J Radiol. 2021;94(1119):20201105. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20201105.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yang WT, Dryden MJ, Gwyn K, Whitman GJ, Theriault R. Imaging of breast cancer diagnosed and treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy. Radiology. 2006;239(1):52–60. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2391050083.
Vashi R, Hooley R, Butler R, Geisel J, Philpotts L. Breast imaging of the pregnant and lactating patient: imaging modalities and pregnancy-associated breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200(2):321–8. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.12.9814.
Ahn BY, Kim HH, Moon WK, Pisano ED, Kim HS, Cha ES, Kim JS, Oh KK, Park SH. Pregnancy- and lactation-associated breast cancer: mammographic and sonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 2003;22(5):491–7; quiz 498–9. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2003.22.5.491.
Robbins J, Jeffries D, Roubidoux M, Helvie M. Accuracy of diagnostic mammography and breast ultrasound during pregnancy and lactation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(3):716–22. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.3662. Erratum in: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 May;196(5):1237.
Taylor D, Lazberger J, Ives A, Wylie E, Saunders C. Reducing delay in the diagnosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: how imaging can help us. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2011;55(1):33–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9485.2010.02227.x.
Moy L, Heller SL, Bailey L, D’Orsi C, DiFlorio RM, Green ED, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Palpable Breast Masses. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(5S):S203–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.02.033.
diFlorio-Alexander RM, Slanetz PJ, Moy L, Baron P, Didwania AD, Heller SL, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Breast Imaging of Pregnant and Lactating Women. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018;15(11S):S263–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2018.09.013.
Chung M, Hayward JH, Woodard GA, Knobel A, Greenwood HI, Ray KM, et al. US as the primary imaging modality in the evaluation of palpable breast masses in breastfeeding women, including those of advanced maternal age. Radiology. 2020;297(2):316–24. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201036.
American College of Radiology (ACR). Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. Manual on contrast media. https://www.acr.org/-/media/acr/files/clinical-resources/contrast_media.pdf Accessed on December 29, 2022.
Webb JAW, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK; Members of Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol 2005;15:1234–1240
Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Bharatha A, Montanera WJ, Park AL. Association between MRI exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes. JAMA. 2016;316(9):952–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.12126.
Ciet P, Litmanovich DE. MR safety issues particular to women. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2015;23:59–67.
Feig SA, Hendrick RE. Radiation risk from screening mammography of women aged 40–49 years. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1997;22:119–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/jncimono/1997.22.119.
Larson KE, Valente SA. Milk fistula: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Breast J. 2016;22:111–2.
Alipour S. Local complications of breast surgery during pregnancy and lactation. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1252:101–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41596-9_13.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mitchell KB, Johnson HM. Challenges in the management of breast conditions during lactation. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2022;49(1):35–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2021.11.002.
Barco Nebreda I, Vidal MC, Fraile M, Canales L, González C, Giménez N, García-Fernández A. Lactating adenoma of the breast. J Hum Lact. 2016;32(3):559–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334416646564.
Macedo M, Bassaganyas C, Ganau S, Sanfeliu E, Ubeda B, Bargallo X. Ultrasound findings of breast adenomas. J Ultrasound Med. 2020;39(11):2173–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.15328.
Lawton TJ, Acs G, Argani P, Farshid G, Gilcrease M, Goldstein N, et al. Interobserver variability by pathologists in the distinction between cellular fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors. Int J Surg Pathol. 2014;22(8):695–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066896914548763.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chung HL, Bevers TB, Legha RS, Speer ME, Tso HH, Sun J, et al. Nipple discharge imaging evaluation with mammography, ultrasound, galactography, and MRI. Acad Radiol. 2022; 24:S1076–6332(22)00316–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2022.05.013. Findings from this study suggest that the combination of mammography and ultrasound can detect most malignant breast cancers associated with nipple discharge with a high NPV for malignancy. Intraductal papilloma was the etiology of pathologic nipple discharge among the few adolescent patients in this study cohort.
Pluguez-Turull CW, Nanyes JE, Quintero CJ, et al. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: manifestations at multimodality imaging and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2018;38:330–56.
Lai ECH, Chan WC, Ma TKF, Tang APY, Poon CSP, Leong HT. The role of conservative treatment in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Breast J. 2005;11:454–6.
Barreto DS, Sedgwick EL, Nagi CS, Benveniste AP. Granulomatous mastitis: etiology, imaging, pathology, treatment, and clinical findings. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;171(3):527–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-4870-3.
Brinton LA, Sherman ME, Carreon JD, Anderson WF. Recent trends in breast cancer among younger women in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:1643–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cancer Stat Facts: Female Breast Cancer. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html Accessed on January 4, 2023.
Middleton LP, Amin M, Gwyn K, Theriault R, Sahin A. Breast carcinoma in pregnant women: assessment of clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features. Cancer. 2003;98(5):1055–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11614.
Cancello G, Maisonneuve P, Rotmensz N, Viale G, Mastropasqua MG, Pruneri G, et al. Prognosis and adjuvant treatment effects in selected breast cancer subtypes of very young women (<35 years) with operable breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(10):1974–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq072.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ma M, Liu R, Wen C, Xu W, Xu Z, Wang S, et al. Predicting the molecular subtype of breast cancer and identifying interpretable imaging features using machine learning algorithms. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(3):1652–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-021-08271-4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tian L, Wang L, Qin Y, Cai J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the malignant ultrasound features of triple-negative breast cancer. J Ultrasound Med. 2020;39(10):2013–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.15309.
Ayyappan AP, Kulkarni S, Crystal P. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: spectrum of imaging appearances. Br J Radiol. 2010;83(990):529–34. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/17982822.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Theriault RL, Rieber AG. Breast cancer treatment during pregnancy. Womens Health (Lond). 2005;1(2):195–203. https://doi.org/10.2217/17455057.1.2.195.
Litton JK. Breast cancer and fertility. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2012;13(2):137–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-012-0185-5.
Tehrani OS. Systemic treatments in pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1252:115–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41596-9_15.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Berry DL, Theriault RL, Holmes FA, Parisi VM, Booser DJ, Singletary SE, et al. Management of breast cancer during pregnancy using a standardized protocol. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(3):855–61. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.3.855.
Comments (0)