Bell et al.,
2002
Canada [35]12 (10/2)
33 ± 8 years
75 ± 11 kgRecreational4 mg/kg in capsules 60 min- pre-exercise 300 mg dietary fiber capsulesTreadmill10 km time NSTTPBorba et al.,
2019
Brazil [53]13 (8/5)
28.46 ± 5.63
23.58 ± 3.90 kg/m2Recreational6 mg/kg in hot water 60 min pre-exercise Hot waterTrack (400 m)1600 m runs NSTTPBonetti de Poli et al.,
2016
Brazil [43]18 (18/0)
29 ± 7 years
72.1 ± 5.8 kgRecreational6 mg/kg in capsules 60 min pre-exercise Dextrose capsules TreadmillTTE test ↑TTEBridge and Jones
2006
United Kingdom [54]8 (8/0)
21.3 ± 1.2 years
69.3 ± 5.0 kgTrained3 mg/kg in capsules 60 min pre-exercise Glucose capsules Track (400 m)8 km time ↑TTPClarke et al.,
2018
United Kingdo [23]13 (13/0)
24 ± 6 years
69.3 ± 4.7 kgTrained0.09 g/kg coffee (including 3 mg/kg) 60 min pre-exercise 1. Decaffeinated coffee in warm water
2. Warm water with coffee flavor and colorIndoor 200 m running track with banked curvesmile race ↑TTPCohen et al.,
1996
United States of America [42]7 (5/2)
33.29 ± 9.18 years
NITrained1. 5 mg/kg in capsules
2. 9 mg/kg in capsules 60 min pre-exercise Baking flour capsules Outdoor road21 km runs NSTTPDittrich et al.,
2021
Brazil [44]12 (12/0)
31.3 ± 6.4 years
70.5 ± 6.6 kgTrained300 mg in chewing gum immediately pre-exercise Noncaffeinated chewing gum TreadmillTTE test ↑TTEGraham and Spriet
1991
Canada [45]7 (6/1)
28.3 ± 5.63 years
67.2 ± 8.33 kgTrained9 mg/kg in capsules 60 min pre-exercise 9 mg/kg dextrose capsulesTreadmillTTE test ↑TTEGraham and Sathasivam
1998
Canada [46]9 (8/1)
21.1 ± 6.5 years
73.1 ± 5.5 kgRecreational1. 4.5 mg/kg in capsules
2. regular coffee (including 4.5 mg/kg)
3. decaffeinated coffee plus 4.5.mg/kg in capsules 60 min pre-exercise 1. decaffeinated coffee
2. dextrose capsulesTreadmillTTE test ↑TTEHanson et al.,
2019
USA [24]10 (6/4)
26 ± 9 years
72.1 ± 8.7 kgTrained1. 3 mg/kg in a flavored water-based drink
2. 6 mg/kg in a flavored water-based drink 60 min pre-exercise Flavored water-based drink without caffeineTreadmill10 km runs NSTTPKasper et al.,
2016
Tunisia [47]8 (8/0)
22 ± 2 years
70.8 ± 8.1 kgRecreational200 mg in capsules/ + carbohydrate mouth rinse immediately pre-exercise placebo capsules + carbohydrate rinseTreadmillTTE test ↑TTEKhcharem et al.,
2021
Tunisia [48]13 (13/0)
21.3 ± 0.8 years
66.5 ± 7.8 kgRecreational3 mg/kg in capsules 90 min pre-exercise 3 mg/kg sucrose capsulesTrack (400 m)3 km runs ↑TTPKhcharem et al. a
2022
Tunisia [30]10 (10/0)
21.7 ± 1.1
66.7 ± 8.7 kgRecreational5 mg/kg in capsules 90 min pre-exercise NI capsulesTrack (400 m)8 km runs ↑TTPKhcharem et al. b
2022
Tunisia [49]12 (12/0)
21.7 ± 0.9 years
64.4 ± 9.4 kgRecreational6 mg/kg in capsules 90 min pre-exercise 6 mg/kg sucrose capsulesTrack (400 m)TTE test ↑TTEManoel et al.,
2021
Brazil [25]15 (15/0)
25.2 ± 2.8 years
79.9 ± 7.7 kgRecreational6 mg/kg in capsules 60 min pre-exercise Empty capsulesTrack (400 m)10 km runs NSTTPMarques et al.,
2018
Brazil [26]12 (12/0)
23.50 ± 3.94 years
70.38 ± 8.41 kgRecreational 5.5 mg/kg in soluble coffee 60 min pre-exercise Decaffeinated coffee Track (400 m)800 m run NSTTPO’Rourke et al.,
2008
Australia [50]15 (NI)
32.2 ± 8.8 years
68.9 ± 6.1 kgTrained5 mg/kg in tablets 60 min pre-exercise 5 mg/kg sugar tabletsTrack (400 m)5 km run ↑TTPPing et al.,
2010
Malaysia [51]9 (9/0)
25.4 + 6.9 years
57.6 + 8.4 kgRecreational5 mg/kg in capsules 60 in pre-exercise 5 mg/kg placebo capsulesTreadmillTTE test ↑TTERamos-Campo et al.,
2019
Spain [52]15 (15/0)
23.7 ± 8.2 years
64.6 ± 9.8 kgTrained6 mg/kg in capsules 60 min pre-exercise 6 mg/kg sucrose capsulesTrack (400 m)800 m run NSTTPRohloff et al.,
2022
Brazil [7]22 (22/0)
25.5 ± 8.4 years
75.0 ± 7.1 kgRecreational4 mg/kg in capsules 60 min pre-exercise 4 mg/kg maltodextrin capsulesTreadmill4 km runs NSTTPWhalley et al.,
2019
New Zealand [34]14 (10/4)
40 ± 8 years
69 ± 11 kgRecreational1. 200–300 mg in chewing gum
2. 200–300 mg in tablets
3. 200–300 mg in mouth strips 15 min pre-exercise 300 mg glucose powder capsuleRoad5 km runs ↑TTP