Nutrition in the early postnatal period plays an important role in infant growth and the developmental programming of metabolic disease susceptibility later in life.1,2 Breastfeeding is an ideal source of nutrients, playing a crucial role in nutritional programming in the growing infant.3 The benefits of human milk (HM) may be mediated by a variety of bioactive factors, such as hormones, immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, growth factors, and micro-RNAs (miRNAs),4 influencing infant growth and body composition in early life.