1. Mandavia, AD, Bonanno, GA. When natural disaster follows economic downturn: The incremental impact of multiple stressor events on trajectories of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(2):173-182.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline2. Cohen, S, Kamarck, T, Mermelstein, R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-396.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI3. Cohen, S, Tyrrell, DAJ, Smith, AP. Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(9):606-612.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI4. Ezzati, A, Jiang, J, Katz, MJ, Sliwinski, MJ, Zimmerman, ME, Lipton, RB. Validation of the Perceived Stress Scale in a community sample of older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2014;29(6):645-652.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline5. Osmanovic-Thunström, A, Mossello, E, Åkerstedt, T, Fratiglioni, L, Wang, HX. Do levels of perceived stress increase with increasing age after age 65? A population-based study. Age Ageing. 2015;44(5):828-834.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline6. Luchesi, BM, Souza, ÉN, Gratão, ACM, Gomes, GADO, Inouye, K, Alexandre, TDS, et al. The evaluation of perceived stress and associated factors in elderly caregivers. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;67:7-13.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline7. Peavy, GM, Lange, KL, Salmon, DP, Patterson, TL, Goldman, S, Gamst, AC, et al. The effects of prolonged stress and APOE genotype on memory and cortisol in older adults. Biol Psychiatr. 2007;62(5):472-478.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI8. Peavy, GM, Salmon, DP, Jacobson, MW, Hervey, A, Gamst, AC, Wolfson, T, et al. Effects of chronic stress on memory decline in cognitively normal and mildly impaired older adults. Am J Psychiatr. 2009;166(12):1384-1391.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI9. Peavy, GM, Jacobson, MW, Salmon, DP, Gamst, AC, Patterson, TL, Goldman, S, et al. The influence of chronic stress on dementia-related diagnostic change in older adults. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2012;26(3):260-266.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline10. Gershon, A, Johnson, SL, Miller, I. Chronic stressors and trauma: prospective influences on the course of bipolar disorder. Psychol Med. 2013;43(12):2583-2592.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline11. Dong, GC, Li, M. Stressful Life Events and Late-Life Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort Study in the Greater Chicago Area. Journal of Ageing and Longevity. 2021;1:24-35.
Google Scholar |
Crossref12. Mitra, R, Jadhav, S, McEwen, BS, Vyas, A, Chattarji, S. Stress duration modulates the spatiotemporal patterns of spine formation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci Unit States Am. 2005;102(26):9371-9376.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline13. Jacinto, LR, Mata, R, Novais, A, Marques, F, Sousa, N. The habenula as a critical node in chronic stress-related anxiety. Exp Neurol. 2017;289:46-54.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline14. Das, SK, Baitharu, I, Barhwal, K, Hota, SK, Singh, SB. Early mood behavioral changes following exposure to monotonous environment during isolation stress is associated with altered hippocampal synaptic plasticity in male rats. Neurosci Lett. 2016;612:231-237.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline15. Duclot, F, Hollis, F, Darcy, MJ, Kabbaj, M. Individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in rats as a model for psychosocial stress-related mood disorders. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(2):296-305.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline16. Iñiguez, SD, Flores-Ramirez, FJ, Riggs, LM, Alipio, JB, Garcia-Carachure, I, Hernandez, MA, et al. Vicarious social defeat stress induces depression-related outcomes in female mice. Biol Psychiatr. 2018;83(1):9-17.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline17. Cooper, C, Balamurali, TB, Livingston, G. A systematic review of the prevalence and covariates of anxiety in caregivers of people with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19(2):175-195.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline18. Monteiro, AMF, Santos, RL, Kimura, N, Baptista, MAT, Dourado, MCN. Coping strategies among caregivers of people with Alzheimer disease: a systematic review. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 2018;40(3):258-268.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline19. Mahoney, R, Regan, C, Katona, C, Livingston, G. Anxiety and depression in family caregivers of people with Alzheimer disease: the LASER-AD study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2005;13(9):795-801.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI20. Mausbach, BT, Chattillion, EA, Roepke, SK, Patterson, TL, Grant, I. A comparison of psychosocial outcomes in elderly Alzheimer caregivers and noncaregivers. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2013;21(1):5-13.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline21. Mohamed, S, Rosenheck, R, Lyketsos, CG, Schneider, LS. Caregiver burden in Alzheimer disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal patient correlates. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2010;18(10):917-927.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI22. Manzini, CSS, do Vale, FAC. Emotional disorders evidenced by family caregivers of older people with Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia Neuropsychologia. 2020;14(1):56-61.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline23. Mayo, AM, Siegle, K, Savell, E, Bullock, B, Preston, GJ, Peavy, GM. Lay caregivers' experiences with caring for persons with dementia: A phenomenological study. J Gerontol Nurs. 2020;46(8):17-27.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline24. Del-Pino-Casado, R, Rodríguez Cardosa, M, López-Martínez, C, Orgeta, V. The association between subjective caregiver burden and depressive symptoms in carers of older relatives: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217648.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline25. Cacioppo, S, Capitanio, JP, Cacioppo, JT. Toward a neurology of loneliness. Psychol Bull. 2014;140(6):1464-1504.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI26. Lee, EE, Depp, C, Palmer, BW, Glorioso, D, Daly, R, Liu, J, et al. High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor. Int Psychogeriatr. 2019;31(10):1447-1462.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline27. Quadt, L, Esposito, G, Critchley, HD, Garfinkel, SN. Brain-body interactions underlying the association of loneliness with mental and physical health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;116:283-300.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline28. Holt-Lunstad, J, Smith, TB, Baker, M, Harris, T, Stephenson, D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015;10(2):227-237.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals |
ISI29. Sundström, A, Adolfsson, AN, Nordin, M, Adolfsson, R. Loneliness increases the risk of all-cause dementia and alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol: Ser Bibliogr. 2020;75(5):919-926.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline30. Rafnsson, SB, Orrell, M, d’Orsi, E, Hogervorst, E, Steptoe, A. Loneliness, Social Integration, and Incident Dementia Over 6 Years: Prospective Findings From the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Gerontol: Ser Bibliogr. 2020;75(1):114-124.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline31. Wilson, RS, Krueger, KR, Arnold, SE, Schneider, JA, Kelly, JF, Barnes, LL, et al. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 2007;64(2):234-240.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline32. Donovan, NJ, Okereke, OI, Vannini, P, Amariglio, RE, Rentz, DM, Marshall, GA, et al. Association of higher cortical amyloid burden with loneliness in cognitively normal older adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(12):1230-1237.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline33. Adams, KB . Specific effects of caring for a spouse with dementia: differences in depressive symptoms between caregiver and non-caregiver spouses. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20(3):508-520.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI34. Beeson, R, Horton-Deutsch, S, Farran, C, Neundorfer, M. Loneliness and depression in caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2000;21(8):779-806.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline35. Shin, C, Park, MH, Lee, H, Ko, YH, Kim, YK, Han, KM, et al. Usefulness of the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) for classifying minor and major depressive disorders among community-dwelling elders. J Affect Disord. 2019;259:370-375.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline36. Spielberger, CD, Gorsuch, RL, Lushene, R, Vagg, PR, Jacobs, GA. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983.
Google Scholar37. de Jong-Gierveld, J, Kamphuls, F. The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Appl Psychol Meas. 1985;9:289-299.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals |
ISI38. Folstein, MF, Folstein, SE, McHugh, PR. “Mini-mental state”. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189-198.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI39. Pfeffer, RI, Kurosaki, TT, Harrah, CH, Chance, JM, Filos, S. Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. J Gerontol. 1982;37(3):323-329.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline40. Nasreddine, ZS, Phillips, NA, Bedirian, V, Charbonneau, S, Whitehead, V, Collin, I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695-699.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI41. Brown, GW, Harris, TO. The Bedford College Life Events and Difficulty Schedule: Directory of Contextual Threat Ratings of Events. University of London; 1978.
Google Scholar42. Sheikh, JI, Yesavage, JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. In: Brink, TL , ed. Clinical Gerontology: A Guide to Assessment and Intervention. NYThe Haworth Press, Inc.; 1986:165-173.
Google Scholar43. van Tilburg, TG, de Jong Gierveld, J. [Reference standards for the loneliness scale]. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr. 1999;30(4):158-163.
Google Scholar |
Medline44. Rosseel, Y . lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. J Stat Software. 2012;48(2):1-36.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
ISI45. R_Core_Team . R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2020; Available from:
https://www.R-project.org/ Google Scholar46. Hu, L, Bentler, PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6(1):1-55.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
ISI47. Sobel, ME . Some New Results on Indirect Effects and Their Standard Errors in Covariance Structure Models. Socio Methodol. 1986;16:159-186.
Google Scholar |
Crossref48. Nordin, M, Nordin, S. Psychometric evaluation and normative data of the Swedish version of the 10-item perceived stress scale. Scand J Psychol. 2013;54(6):502-507.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline49. Greenberg, SA . How to try this: the Geriatric Depression Scale: Short Form. American Journal of Nursing. 2007;107(10):60-69.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Comments (0)