Adcock et al. (2020) Switzerland

n = 31

n CG = 16

n IG = 15

Mean age = 73.9 years

Female = 51.6%

To analyse physical functions

Clinic and research institute

CG: No intervention (Active@Home training was provided to enable voluntary training)

IG: Active@Home Exergame

(Tai Chi exercises +dancing + step-based cognitive games instructed by an avatar)

3 sessions per week (30–40 min) for 16 weeks 70%

Gait Speed mean (m/s)

1.4 (0.2)/1.2 (0.2)

30-second chair-stand (repetitions)

16.5 (6)/13 (4.5)

2-min stepping test (repetitions)

74.5 (26)/66 (22.5)

Gait Speed mean (m/s)

1.4 (0.2)/1.2 (0.1)

30-second chair-stand (repetitions)

15.5 (6)/13 (2.5)

2-min stepping test (repetitions)

78.5 (7.7)/76 (14)

1b/A Bacha et al. (2018) Brazil

n = 46

n CG = 23

n IG = 23

Mean age = 69.3 (5.3) years

Female = 73.9%

To analyse dynamic balance and cardiorespiratory fitness

Clinic hospital

CG: Traditional physical therapy exercises (endurance and strength same duration as intervention group)

IG: Xbox 360 (Kinect Adventures games)

14 sessions (60 min) for 4 weeks 91%

6-min step test (repetitions)

121.3 (24.6)/122.6 (23)

Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (score)

27.6 (2.6)/26.5 (3.2)

Functional Gait Assessment (score)

27.3 (2.1)/26.6 (2.4)

6-min step test (repetitions)

144.7 (19.1)/134.3 (25.4)

Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (score)

29.8 (2)/29.6 (2.8)

Functional Gait Assessment (score)

29.3 (0.9)/28.1 (2)

1b/A Bieryla et al. (2013) USA

n = 12

n CG = 6

n IG = 6

Mean age = 81.5 (5.5) years

Female = 88.3%

To improve clinical measures of balance

Local senior living community

CG: No intervention (normal daily activities)

IG: Nintendo's Wii Fit (yoga +aerobic + balance games)

3 sessions per week (30 min) for 3 weeks -

Berg Balance Scale (score)

51 (10)/50 (4)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

10.8 (10)/12.8 (2.7)

Berg Balance Scale (score)

54(11.5)/53 (2)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

10.1 (7.8)/11.2 (3.7)

1b/A Eggenberger et al. (2015) Switzerland

n = 47

n CG = 15

n IG1 = 15

n IG2 = 17

Mean age = 78.9 years

Female = 64.8%

To analyse gait and physical training

Geriatric clinic

CG: Treadmill walking

IG1: Virtual reality video game dancing (DANCE)

IG2: Treadmill walking with simultaneous verbal memory training (MEMORY)

52 sessions (60 min) for 26 weeks 79.8%

Velocity (cm/s)

115.8 (5.4)/123 (5.3)/109.4 (3.8)

6-minute walk test (m)

506 (18)/505 (25)/489 (16)

Velocity (cm/s)

131.1 (4.7)/133.4 (5.2)/126.3 (5.4)

6-minute walk test (m)

538 (21)/560 (21)/530 (20)

1b/A Fakhro et al. (2020) Lebanon

n = 60

n CG = 30

n IG = 30

Mean age = 74.3 years

Female = no data

To analyse dynamic and static balance

Community- dwelling elders at low-income senior housing

CG: No intervention

(normal daily activities)

IG: Nintendo Wii Fit (‘Soccer Heading’ + ‘Table Tilt’ game)

40 min session for 8 weeks -

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

19.5 (9)/15.4 (4.6)

Centre of pressure (%)

6.7/13.3

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

21.8 (9)/14.1 (4.4)

Centre of pressure (%)

6.7/33.3

1b/A Franco et al. (2012), USA

n = 32

n CG = 10

n IG1 = 11

n IG2 = 11

Mean age = 78.2 years

Female = 78.1%

To analyse balance and functional mobility

Independent living senior housing

CG: No intervention (normal daily activities)

IG1: Nintendo Wii Fit games (balance games, yoga, aerobic +strength activities)

IG2: Traditional exercise program (strength +balance training) in group sessions

2 sessions per week (10–15 min) for 3 weeks 100%

Berg Balance Scale (score)

50.3 (3.7)/48.5 (9.1)/47.3 (8)

Tinetti Gait and Balance (score)

25.8 (1.8)/25.8 (4.3)/25 (4.1)

Berg Balance Scale (score)

51.4 (2.9)/52 (5.4)/50.7 (6)

Tinetti Gait and Balance (score)

26.8 (1.8)/26.7 (2.4)/26.4 (3.2)

1b/A Gschwind et al. (2015) Australia

n = 124

n CG = 61

n IG1 = 24

n IG2 = 39

Mean age = 80.9 years

Female = 65.8%

To improve balance and lower extremity strength

Participants’ homes

CG: No intervention (educational booklet about health and fall prevention)

IG1: Microsoft Kinect (strength +balance exergames)

IG2: Step mat training (exergames by stepping)

120 min per week for 16 weeks -

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

12.4 (3.7)/11.5 (3.5)/11.5 (3.1)

Knee extension strength (kg)

21.9 (8.6)/20.8 (9.4)/24.2 (10.3)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

12.6 (4.4)/11.1 (3.3)/11.5 (2.6)

Knee extension strength (kg)

23.8 (9.1)/26.2 (10.3)/25.8 (9.2)

1b/A Jorgensen et al. (2013) Denmark

n = 57

n CG = 30

n IG = 27

Mean age = 75 (6) years

Female = 69%

To analyse improvements of muscle function, static postural balance and functional performance

Geriatric research clinic

CG: ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer shoe insoles for 10 weeks

IG: Nintendo Wii Fit (balance +muscle exercise games)

2 sessions per week (35–40 min) for 10 weeks -

Rate force development (N/s)

3704 (2627)/3266 (2271)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

11 (5)/10.3 (3.8)

30-second chair-stand (repetitions)

11.2 (3)/11.5 (3.8)

Rate force development (N/s)

3622 (2423)/4143 (2831)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

10.9 (5.1)/9 (3.2)

30-second chair-stand (repetitions)

12.1 (3)/13.3 (3.2)

1b/A Karahan et al. (2015) Turkey

n = 90

n CG = 42

n IG = 48

Mean age = 71.5 years

Female = 43.3%

To analyse balance and functional mobility

Outpatient clinic

CG: Home exercise (balance, stretching +strength)

IG: Xbox 360 (Kinect Adventures +Kinect Sports)

30 exercise sessions (30 min) for 6 weeks 90%

Berg Balance Scale (score)

49.4 (3.7)/49.8 (3.8)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

8.6 (1.7)/8.7 (1.7)

Berg Balance Scale (score)

51.1 (4.1)/54.9 (2.6)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

8.6 (1.8)/8.1 (1.4)

1b/A Ku et al. (2019) Korea

n = 34

n CG = 16

n IG = 18

Mean age = 64.8 years

Female = 50%

To assess balance and movement parameters

Hospital

CG: Conventional physical fitness program (lower-extremity strengthening and endurance)

IG: Interactive augmented reality. 3D environment displayed on a large screen (balloon game, cave game +rhythm game)

12 sessions (30 min) for 4 weeks 75%

Berg Balance Scale (score)

55.1 (1.1)/ 54.5 (1.5)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

7.9 (0.5)/7.8 (0.7)

Berg Balance Scale (score)

55.5 (0.8)/ 55.5 (0.9)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

7.7 (0.6)/7.3 (0.6)

1b/A Kwok and Pua (2016) Singapore

n = 80

n CG = 40

n IG = 40

Mean age = 70.1 years

Female = 85%

To analyse physical functions

Outpatient centre

CG: Standard Gym-based exercise

IG: Nintendo Wii Fit (cardiovascular training, resistance, strengthening +balance)

12 sessions once weekly (60 min) for 12 weeks 80%

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

12.3 (5.7)/11.7 (4.5)

6-minute walk test (m)

290.8 (85.3)/297.1 (69.9)

Gait speed (4-m walk test) (m/s)

0.8 (0.3)/0.8 (0.2)

Knee extension strength (kg)

24.9 (9.4)/24.5 (8.6)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

9.1 (1.2)/9.1 (1.1)

6-minute walk test (m)

335.9 (26.3)/323.7 (25.9)

Gait speed (4-m walk test) (m/s)

1.2 (0.1)/1.1 (0.1)

Knee extension strength (kg)

34.6 (2.3)/30.4 (2.3)

1b/A Lee et al. (2014) USA

n = 82

n CC = 42

n IG = 40

Mean age = 75.2 (6.6) years

Female = 70.7%

To analyse benefit on gait parameters

Centre for healthy living and longevity

CG: Traditional fitness (strength +balance training)

IG: Nintendo Wii Fit (sport +balance)

3 sessions per week (45 min) for 10 weeks -

Velocity (cm/s)

121.4 (18.4)/120.7 (21.5)

Stride length (cm)

129 (13.2)/126 (16.7)

Cadence (steps/min)

112.9 (9.8)/115.2 (14.3)

Velocity (cm/s)

128.2 (22.1)/128.1 (21.3)

Stride length (cm)

130(19.2)/131 (16.3)

Cadence (steps/min)

119.4 (19)/117.5 (11.9)

1b/A Liao et al. (2019) Taiwan

n = 52

n CC = 25

n IG = 27

Mean age = 81.8 years

Female = 69.2%

To assess the improvement in frailty status and physical performance

Senior centre

CG: Traditional fitness (balance exercise +resistance + aerobic exercises)

IG: Balance game virtual 3D full-body map +Tai-chi exercise +resistance + aerobic exercises

36 sessions (60 min) for 12 weeks -

30-second sit-to-stand test (times)

8.9 (4.9)/9.9 (5.1)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

16.6 (9.9)/17 (8.4)

Velocity (cm/s)

62 (24)/61 (33)

Grip strength (kg)

13.7 (5.5)/17 (5.6)

30-second sit-to-stand test (times)

11.8 (5.4)/13 (5.8)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

15.4 (8.2)/15.1 (8.7)

Velocity (cm/s)

68 (27)/74 (29)

Grip strength (kg)

15.4 (5)/18.2 (5.4)

1b/A Maillot et al. (2012) France

n = 32

n CC = 16

n IG = 16

Mean age = 73.5 (6) years

Female = 84.4%

To analyse an exergame training as a mode of physical activity

Community senior centre

CG: No intervention (commitment to not modify their sedentary lifestyle over 14 weeks)

IG: Nintendo Wii Fit (games of physically simulated sport)

24 sessions (60 min) for 14 weeks 97.50%

Mean Heart Rate 6-Min Walk (bpm)

100.2 (15.1)/106.8 (11.6)

6-minute walk test (m)

429.8 (61.5)/411.1 (84.6)

8-Foot Up and Go (s)

7.1 (1.6)/7.4 (1.3)

Mean Heart Rate 6-Min Walk (bpm)

96.4 (11.6)/114.2 (13.5)

6-minute walk test (m)

432.9 (26.5)/469.2 (40.4)

8-Foot Up and Go (s)

7.6 (1.1)/6.4 (0.6)

1b/A Park et al. (2015) Korea

n = 72

n CG = 36

n IG = 36

Mean age = 73.5 years

Female = 94.4%

To improve the cognitive function, muscle strength and balance

Senior centre

CG: Conventional exercise program with stepping, walking, one-leg standing and cup tapping (30 min)

IG: Virtual reality kayak program

50 min session for 6 weeks -

Grip strength (Right) (kg)

20.3 (5.5)/21.3 (5.6)

Grip strength (Left) (kg)

18.3 (5.1)/20.1 (6.8)

Grip strength (Right) (kg)

17.7 (5.1)/23.3 (4.8)

Grip strength (Left) (kg)

15.2 (4.5)/23.1 (5.1)

1b/A Pichierri et al. (2012) Switzerland

n = 31

n CG = 16

n IG = 15

Mean age = 86.2 (4.6) years

Female = 81.8%

To investigate the effects of training programs on physical parameters

Hostels for the aged

CG: Conventional exercise program (progressive resistance +postural balance)

IG: Exercise +video game dancing program

40 min sessions twice weekly for 12 weeks 75%

Medians (interquartile ranges)

Velocity (cm/s)

69 (61.1–82.7)/80.4 (72.9–89.1)

Cadence (steps/min)

93.9 (80.2–99.9)/95.5 (93.3–102.5)

Medians (interquartile ranges)

Velocity (cm/s)

82.2 (73.8–101.8)/88.3 (69.2–106.2)

Cadence (steps/min)

104.2 (89.9–112.3)/97.5 (96–111.8)

1b/A Queiroz et al. (2017) Brazil

n = 27

n CG = 14

n IG = 13

Mean age = 60.4 years

Female = 59.2%

To compare the effects of exergame on the functional fitness

Laboratory

CG: Aerobic exercise program (same duration as intervention)

IG: Xbox 360 (Kinect sports games)

36 sessions (60 min) for 12 weeks 90.6%

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

5.7 (0.6)/5.3 (0.8)

30-second chair-stand (repetitions)

13.5 (2.1)/14.3 (3.2)

2-min stepping test (repetitions)

87.2 (0.2)/92.9 (19.9)

Timed Up-and-Go Test (s)

5.1 (0.5)/4.8 (0.3)

30-second chair-stand (repetitions)

17.9 (4.5)/18.2 (3.2)

2-min stepping test (repetitions)

93.7 (22.8)/110.5 (16.1)

1b/A Ray et al. (2012) USA

n = 87

n CG = 18

n IG1 = 29

n IG2 = 40

Mean age = 75 years

Female = 66.6%

To analyse the ability to maintain postural control

Laboratory

CG: No intervention (no exercise prescribed)

IG1: Nintendo Wii Fit (balance, bowling +boxing games)

IG2: Fitness group

3 sessions per week (45 min) for 15 weeks -

6-minute walk test (m)

529.1 (111.3)/462 (101.9)/416 (157.1)

8-Foot Up and Go (s)

6.3 (1.2)/8 (1.5)/7.4 (1.4)

Grip strength (kg)

27.3 (6.1)/23.4 (8.6)/25.9 (8.6)

BMI

29.4 (1.4)/28 (4.7)/26.6 (6.2)

6-minute walk test (m)

409.6 (245.1)/508.3 (81)/441.9 (167.7)

8-Foot Up and Go (s)

6.2 (2)/7.1 (1.2)/6.8 (1)

Grip strength (kg)

28.2 (9)/24.7 (7.7)/25.4 (9.8)

BMI

29 (1.9)/27.5 (5.2)/26.4 (5.7)

1b/A Rendon et al. (2012) USA

n = 40

n CG = 20

n IG = 20

Mean age = 84.5 (5.2) years

Female = 65%

To analyse the improvement of dynamic balance

Outpatient geriatric clinic

CG: No intervention (instructed to not alter their normal daily activities)

IG: Nintendo Wii Fit (balance games+postural stability)

18 sessions (35–45 min) for 6 weeks -

Median (min–max)

8-Foot Up and Go (s)

8.5 (5.1–17.3)/9.1 (5.6–18.3)

Median (min–max)

8-Foot Up and Go (s)

8.3 (5.2–19.5)/8.5 (5.1–16.5)

1b/A Sato et al. (2015) Japan

n = 54

n CG = 26

n IG = 28

Mean age = 69.3 years

Female = 79.6%

To analyse muscle strength and balance

CG: No intervention (instructed to continue with their daily lives as usual)

IG: Kinect game (3D coordinated standing games)

24 sessions (40–60 min) for 10 weeks -

Velocity (cm/s)

228.6 (28.4)/220.9 (29)

Cadence (steps/min)

124.6 (9.6)/124.6 (11.7)

Berg Balance Scale (score)

55.6 (56)/55.3 (56)

30-second chair-stand (repetitions)

19 (18)/17.5 (17.5)

Velocity (cm/s)

240.3 (26.3)/239.8 (27.2)

Cadence (steps/min)

127.4 (8.9)/129.7 (12.3)

Berg Balance Scale (score)

55.6 (56)/55.9 (56)

30-second chair-stand (repetitions)

19.7 (19)/24.1 (23.5)

1b/A Toulotte et al. (2012) France

n = 36

n CG = 9

n IG1 = 9

n IG2 = 9

n IG3 = 9

Mean age = 75.1 (10.3) years

Female = 61.1%

To analyse physical training on the balance control

Community senior centre

CG: No intervention (no physical training. Only television and board games)

IG1: Physical activities training programme (step length, step height, cervical rachis mobility, ocular mobility)

IG2: Nintendo Wii Fit (sport games)

IG3: IG1 + IG2

60 min session for 20 weeks -

Unipedal test eyes opened (times)

19 (6)/19.7 (3.3)/17.8 (3.7)/21.2 (1.6)

Unipedal test eyes shut (times)

26.1 (9.3)/23.2 (3.1)/19.8 (5.1)/26.4 (4.1)

Tinetti test Static (score)

16.1 (0.4)/16.5 (0.6)/15.2 (0.8)/15.2 (0.5)

Tinetti test Dynamic (score)

4.3 (0.4)/4.5 (0.6)/4.2 (0.2)/4.1 (0.5)

Unipedal test eyes opened (times)

18.1 (5)/8.7 (5.2)/14.5 (2.1)/14.6 (3)

Unipedal test eyes shut (times)

30.4 (7.7)/11.5 (2.8)/15 (5)/17.2 (4.8)

Tinetti test Static (score)

16.9 (0.9)/13.5 (0.8)/13.2 (0.6)/13.6 (0.6)

Tinetti test Dynamic (score)

4.3 (0.2)/3 (0.2)/3.8 (0.6)/2.7 (0.4)

1b/A Whyatt et al. (2015) UK

n = 82

n CG = 42

n IG = 40

Mean age = 76.9 years

Female = 67.8%

To analyse the movement capabilities

Community senior centre

CG: No intervention (continue with daily activity)

IG: Nintendo Wii (sports games)

10 sessions (30 min) for 5 weeks -

Berg Balance Scale (score)

46.4 (9.1)/45.9 (6.8)

Berg Balance Scale (score)

46.9 (9.2)/50.1 (6.4)

1b/A