1. Bhatnagar, P, Wickramasinghe, K, Williams, J, et al. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014. Heart 2015; 101: 1182–1189.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI2. O'Gara, PT, Kushner, FG, Ascheim, DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: e78–e140.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI3. Yahagi, K, Kolodgie, FD, Otsuka, F, et al. Pathophysiology of native coronary, vein graft, and in-stent atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016; 13: 79–98.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI4. Wang, JC, Normand, S-LT, Mauri, L, et al. Coronary artery spatial distribution of acute myocardial infarction occlusions. Circulation 2004; 110: 278–284.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI5. Falk, E. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: C7–C12.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI6. Ueda, S, Matsuoka, H, Miyazaki, H, et al. Tetrahydrobiopterin restores endothelial function in long-term smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 71–75.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI7. Yasue, H, Hirai, N, Mizuno, Y, et al. Low-grade inflammation, thrombogenicity, and atherogenic lipid profile in cigarette smokers. Circ J 2006; 70: 8–13.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline8. Stroes, E, Kastelein, J, Cosentino, F, et al. Tetrahydrobiopterin restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 41–46.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI9. Grundy, SM. Hypertriglyceridemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 18B–25B.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI10. Porkert, M, Sher, S, Reddy, U, et al. Tetrahydrobiopterin: a novel antihypertensive therapy. J Hum Hypertens 2008; 22: 401–407.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline11. Heitzer, T, Krohn, K, Albers, S, et al. Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by increasing nitric oxide activity in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 1435–1438.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI12. Förstermann, U, Xia, N, Li, H. Roles of vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2017; 120: 713–735.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline13. James, MT, Samuel, SM, Manning, MA, et al. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury and risk of adverse clinical outcomes after coronary angiography: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6: 37–43.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI14. Lee, SY, Rhee, CM, Leung, AM, et al. A review: radiographic iodinated contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 376–383.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline15. Din, JN, Murphy, A, Chu, K, et al. Radial artery pseudoaneurysms after transradial cardiac catheterisation. Vasa 2016; 45: 229–232.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline16. Greenland, P, Blaha, MJ, Budoff, MJ, et al. Coronary calcium score and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72: 434–447.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline17. Orakzai, SH, Nasir, K, Blaha, M, et al. Non-HDL cholesterol is strongly associated with coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic individuals. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202: 289–295.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI18. Raggi, P, Callister, TQ, Cooil, B, et al. Identification of patients at increased risk of first unheralded acute myocardial infarction by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation 2000; 101: 850–855.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI19. Pletcher, MJ, Tice, JA, Pignone, M, et al. Using the coronary artery calcium score to predict coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1285–1292.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline20. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence .
Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis clinical guideline [CG95],
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG95 (accessed 15 June 2020).
Google Scholar21. de Knegt, MC, Haugen, M, Jensen, AK, et al. Coronary plaque composition assessed by cardiac computed tomography using adaptive Hounsfield unit thresholds. Clin Imaging 2019; 57: 7–14.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline22. Agatston, AS, Janowitz, WR, Hildner, FJ, et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 827–832.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI23. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence . Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management NICE guideline [NG136]. London: NICE, 2019.
Google Scholar24. Han, TS, Al‐Gindan, YY, Govan, L, et al. Associations of body fat and skeletal muscle with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens 2019; 21: 230–238.
Google Scholar25. Shaw, LJ, Raggi, P, Callister, TQ, et al. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 968–975.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline26. Jaimes, EA, DeMaster, EG, Tian, RX, et al. Stable compounds of cigarette smoke induce endothelial superoxide anion production via NADPH oxidase activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1031–1036.
Google Scholar27. Csiszar, A, Labinskyy, N, Pinto, JT, et al. Resveratrol induces mitochondrial biogenesis in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297: H13–H20.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI28. Xu, H, Goettsch, C, Xia, N, et al. Differential roles of PKCα and PKCɛ in controlling the gene expression of Nox4 in human endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44: 1656–1667.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline29. Mikhed, Y, Daiber, A, Steven, S. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA damage and their role in age-related vascular dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16: 15918–15953.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline30. Han, TS, Lean, ME. A clinical perspective of obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 5: 1–13.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals31. Teramoto, T, Sasaki, J, Ishibashi, S, et al. Diagnostic criteria for dyslipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 20: 655–660.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline32. Daugherty, A, Tabas, I, Rader, DJ. Accelerating the pace of atherosclerosis research. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35: 11–12.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline33. Mehta, PK, Wei, J, Wenger, NK. Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015; 25: 140–151.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline34. Kong, C, Nimmo, L, Elatrozy, T, et al. Smoking is associated with increased hepatic lipase activity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and early atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2001; 156: 373–378.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline35. Stolle, K, Berges, A, Lietz, M, et al. Cigarette smoke enhances abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in angiotensin II-treated apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199: 403–409.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline36. Agarwal, S, Cox, AJ, Herrington, DM, et al. Coronary calcium score predicts cardiovascular mortality in diabetes: diabetes heart study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 972–977.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline37. Mach, F, Baigent, C, Catapano, AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: the task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2020; 41: 111–188.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline38. Giulietti, F, Filipponi, A, Rosettani, G, et al. Pharmacological approach to smoking cessation: an updated review for daily clinical practice. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020; 27: 349–344.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline39. Yi, M, Chun, EJ, Lee, MS, et al. Coronary CT angiography findings based on smoking status: do ex-smokers and never-smokers share a low probability of developing coronary atherosclerosis? Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 31: 169–176.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline40. Puri, R, Nicholls, SJ, Shao, M, et al. Impact of statins on serial coronary calcification during atheroma progression and regression. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65: 1273–1282.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI
Comments (0)