Opioid abuse is a public health crisis, and often this starts postoperatively. Limited data are available on pediatric urology practitioners. We examined the likelihood of postoperative opioid prescriptions in our practice.

To determine rates of post-operative opioid prescriptions following urologic surgery in a tertiary academic center, and to identify what factors are related to opioid prescriptions.

We retrospectively reviewed opioid prescriptions for children who underwent a procedure in the operating room between 1/1/17 and 12/31/19. We collected data on gender, age, surgeon, procedure, length of stay, ethnicity, race, and whether opioids had been used pre-operatively. We grouped procedures into five categories: minor penile surgery, cystoscopic procedures, scrotal surgery, hypospadias repair/penoplasty, and pyeloplasty/ureteral reimplant. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (OR) of opioid prescriptions.

1102 procedures had data available. 14.2% (n=156) received opioid prescriptions. Using minor penile surgery as a baseline, scrotal surgery increased the odds of an opioid by 1.42; hypospadias, pyeloplasty, and other procedures reduced the odds by 0.53, 0.55, and 0.54, respectively (no patient received opioids for endoscopic procedures). Ambulatory procedures had a lower rate of opioids (0.40), and age was a major factor, with the odds of a prescription increasing by a factor of 1.45 per year of age. Since January of 2017, the opioid prescription rate has decreased from 18% in 2017 to 7.7% in 2019.

We found a relatively low rate of opioid prescribing in our pediatric patients, mostly in older children undergoing penile and scrotal procedures. Our rate was comparable to several other institutions that have examined their prescription rates in surgical patients. Heightened awareness has resulted in decreased opioid usage over time (to 6.9%). Limitations included the retrospective nature of our study, which did not allow us to assess whether pain control was adequate or if the opioids prescribed were used by patients. Opioids are rarely needed in pediatric patients.

85.8% of post-operative pediatric urology patients at our institution were not provided with prescription opioids. Factors associated with a higher likelihood of receiving a prescription were increasing age and scrotal surgery.