Lysozyme (LYZ) is a crucial enzyme recognized for its remarkable antimicrobial properties, serving as a key component of the innate immune response [1], [2]. LYZ is also utilized as a preservative due to its natural antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi in food products. This application is particularly valuable in extending the shelf life of perishable items, ensuring food safety and quality. By preventing spoilage, LYZ contributes to reducing food waste and maintaining the nutritional value of preserved foods. Its effectiveness as a preservative underscores the versatility of LYZ, making it an important component in both health-related and food preservation contexts. This enzyme functions primarily by hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, a critical structural component that provides rigidity and protection to bacteria[1], [2]. By breaking down this layer, LYZ effectively disrupts the integrity of bacterial cells, leading to their lysis and subsequent elimination from the host [2]. This bacteriolytic action is particularly important in the early stages of infection, where rapid response is essential for controlling pathogen proliferation. In addition to its fundamental role in immune defense, LYZ has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including bacterial infections and inflammatory conditions [3], [4]. Its presence in various bodily fluids, such as saliva, tears, and mucus, underscores its importance in maintaining mucosal immunity and protecting against microbial invasion [5]. Furthermore, alterations in LYZ levels have been associated with several pathological states, including autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions, and certain cancers [5]. These associations highlight the enzyme's dual significance in both health and disease, as it not only acts as a protective agent but also serves as a potential biomarker for various medical conditions. Recent research has expanded our understanding of LYZ's multifaceted roles, revealing its involvement in modulating immune responses and influencing inflammatory pathways. This has led to increased interest in exploring LYZ as a therapeutic target and a diagnostic tool [6], [7]. Given its critical functions and implications in health, a deeper understanding of LYZ's mechanisms and its interactions within the immune system is essential for developing novel strategies for disease prevention and management [6], [7]. Traditional methods for detecting LYZ, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and spectrophotometric techniques, have been widely employed in clinical and research settings. However, these conventional approaches often face challenges related to sensitivity, specificity, and time efficiency[8], [9]. The limitations of these methods necessitate the development of more advanced detection technologies that can provide rapid and accurate results, particularly in the context of low LYZ concentrations[8], [9]. In recent years, there has been a significant surge in the development of novel biosensor technologies, particularly those that leverage nanomaterials. These innovative biosensors have demonstrated enhanced performance characteristics, including improved sensitivity and specificity, making them ideal candidates for the detection of LYZ. The integration of nanomaterials into biosensor design has opened new avenues for rapid diagnostics, enabling timely interventions in clinical settings. The current analytical techniques for detecting and quantifying LYZ often face challenges such as low sensitivity, lengthy processing times, and the need for complex sample preparation [10], [11]. These limitations can hinder accurate assessments in both clinical and food safety applications. Incorporating nanomaterials into these analytical methods presents a promising solution, as they can enhance sensitivity and specificity through improved signal amplification and reduced detection limits [12]. By integrating nanomaterials, we can streamline the analytical process, making it more efficient and reliable. This paper aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in biosensor technologies specifically for LYZ detection, with a focus on their design, functionality, and applications in clinical diagnostics and research. We will explore the biological significance of LYZ, clarifying its role in various pathologies and discussing how enhanced detection methods can advance our understanding of LYZ-related diseases. By emphasizing the unique capabilities of nanomaterial-based biosensors, we highlight their transformative potential in improving LYZ detection, ultimately contributing to more effective disease management and innovative therapeutic strategies.