Volume 92, February 2026, 104204Author links open overlay panel, , , , Section snippetsDeclaration of Generative AI Use

During the preparation of this work the author(s) used Chat GPT in order as a tools were used to assist in the structuring, clarity of language, and coherence of arguments in this paper. After using this tool/service, the author reviewed and edited the content as necessary and took full responsibility for the content of the publication.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Dony Darma Sagita: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Conceptualization. Sari Wardani Simarmata: Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Della Raymena Jovanka: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Methodology. Uliya Khoirun Nisa: Resources, Investigation. Apri Kasman: Writing – original draft, Formal analysis, Conceptualization.

Ethics approval

This manuscript is a scientific response to previously published research and does not involve human or animal subjects directly. Therefore, ethics approval is not required.

Funding

This research did not receive any funding from any organization, grant, or sponsorship.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This research was fully supported by Universitas Terbuka through its Publications Unit for their invaluable support, which provided essential assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. We are deeply grateful to the institution for their unwavering support, which has played a crucial role in the success of this research.

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