Lyng JW, Braithwaite S, Abraham H, Brent CM, Meurer DA, Torres A, Bui PV, Floccare DJ, Hogan AN, Fairless J, Larrimore A, Prehosp Emerg Care. Appropriate Air Medical Services Utilization and Recommendations for Integration of Air Medical Services Resources into the EMS System of Care: A Joint Position Statement and Resource Document of NAEMSP, ACEP, and AMPA. 2021 Nov-Dec;25(6):854–873. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2021.1967534. Epub 2021 Oct 4. PMID: 34388053.

Floccare DJ, Stuhlmiller DF, Braithwaite SA, Thomas SH, Madden JF, Hankins DG, Dhindsa H, Millin MG. Appropriate and safe utilization of helicopter emergency medical services: a joint position statement with resource document. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013 Oct-Dec;17(4):521–5. Epub 2013 Jul 8. PMID: 23834231.

Zalstein S, Cameron PA. Helicopter emergency medical services: their role in integrated trauma care. Aust N Z J Surg. 1997;67(9):593-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1997.tb04604.x. PMID: 9322693.

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71. PMID: 33782057; PMCID: PMC8005924.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Franco JVA, Garrote V, Vietto V, Escobar Liquitay CM, Solà I. Search strategies (filters) to identify systematic reviews in MEDLINE and Embase. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020(7):MR000054. doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000054. PMCID: PMC7389254.

McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40 – 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021. Epub 2016 Mar 19. PMID: 27005575.

Büchter RB, Weise A, Pieper D. Development, testing and use of data extraction forms in systematic reviews: a review of methodological guidance. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20(1):259. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01143-3. PMID: 33076832; PMCID: PMC7574308.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Higgins JPT, Morgan RL, Rooney AA, Taylor KW, Thayer KA, Silva RA, Lemeris C, Akl EA, Bateson TF, Berkman ND, Glenn BS, Hróbjartsson A, LaKind JS, McAleenan A, Meerpohl JJ, Nachman RM, Obbagy JE, O’Connor A, Radke EG, Savović J, Schünemann HJ, Shea B, Tilling K, Verbeek J, Viswanathan M, Sterne JAC. A tool to assess risk of bias in non-randomized follow-up studies of exposure effects (ROBINS-E). Environ Int. 2024;186:108602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108602. Epub 2024 Mar 24. PMID: 38555664; PMCID: PMC11098530.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD. PMID: 18436948; PMCID: PMC2335261.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crespo C, Monleon A, Díaz W, Ríos M. Comparative efficiency research (COMER): meta-analysis of cost-effectiveness studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-139. PMID: 25533141; PMCID: PMC4292992.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abe T, Takahashi O, Saitoh D, Tokuda Y. Association between helicopter with physician versus ground emergency medical services and survival of adults with major trauma in Japan. Crit Care. 2014;18(4):R146. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc13981. PMID: 25008159; PMCID: PMC4227102.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ageron FX, Debaty G, Savary D, Champly F, Albasini F, Usseglio P, Vallot C, Galvagno S, Bouzat P, TRENAU Group. Association of helicopter transportation and improved mortality for patients with major trauma in the Northern French alps trauma system: an observational study based on the TRENAU registry. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2020;28(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-020-00730-z. PMID: 32398058; PMCID: PMC7218509.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aiolfi A, Benjamin E, Recinos G, De Leon Castro A, Inaba K, Demetriades D. Air versus ground transportation in isolated severe head trauma: A National trauma data bank study. J Emerg Med. 2018;54(3):328–34. Epub 2017 Dec 16. PMID: 29258783.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alstrup K, Rognås L, Sollid S, Johnsen SP, Valentin JB, Petersen JAK. Association of helicopter vs ground emergency medical transportation with 1-Year mortality in Denmark. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2033318. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33318. PMID: 33427886; PMCID: PMC7801934.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al-Thani H, El-Menyar A, Pillay Y, Mollazehi M, Mekkodathil A, Consunji R. Hospital mortality based on the mode of emergency medical services transportation. Air Med J. 2017 Jul-Aug;36(4):188–92. Epub 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 28739241.

Andruszkow H, Schweigkofler U, Lefering R, Frey M, Horst K, Pfeifer R, Beckers SK, Pape HC, Hildebrand F. Impact of helicopter emergency medical service in traumatized patients: which patient benefits most?? PLoS ONE. 2016;11(1):e0146897. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146897. PMID: 26771462; PMCID: PMC4714808.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beaumont O, Lecky F, Bouamra O, Surendra Kumar D, Coats T, Lockey D, Willett K. Helicopter and ground emergency medical services transportation to hospital after major trauma in england: a comparative cohort study. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2020;5(1):e000508. https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2020-000508. PMID: 32704546; PMCID: PMC7368476.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bekelis K, Missios S, Mackenzie TA. Prehospital helicopter transport and survival of patients with traumatic brain injury. Ann Surg. 2015;261(3):579–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000672. PMID: 24743624; PMCID: PMC4446980.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berlot G, La Fata C, Bacer B, Biancardi B, Viviani M, Lucangelo U, Gobbato P, Torelli L, Carchietti E, Trillò G, Daniele M, Rinaldi A. Influence of prehospital treatment on the outcome of patients with severe blunt traumatic brain injury: a single-centre study. Eur J Emerg Med. 2009;16(6):312-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32832d3aa1. PMID: 19491690.

Bläsius FM, Horst K, Brokmann JC, Lefering R, Andruszkow H, Hildebrand F, TraumaRegister D. Helicopter emergency medical service and hospital treatment levels affect survival in pediatric trauma patients. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):837. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040837. PMID: 33670679; PMCID: PMC7922049.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown JB, Gestring ML, Guyette FX, Rosengart MR, Stassen NA, Forsythe RM, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB, Sperry JL. Helicopter transport improves survival following injury in the absence of a time-saving advantage. Surgery. 2016;159(3):947–59. Epub 2015 Oct 23. PMID: 26603848; PMCID: PMC4744536.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown JB, Leeper CM, Sperry JL, Peitzman AB, Billiar TR, Gaines BA, Gestring ML. Helicopters and injured kids: improved survival with scene air medical transport in the pediatric trauma population. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80(5):702–10. PMID: 26808033; PMCID: PMC4840038.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buchanan IM, Coates A, Sne N. Does mode of transport confer a mortality benefit in trauma patients?? Characteristics and outcomes at an Ontario lead trauma hospital. CJEM. 2016;18(5):363–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2016.15. Epub 2016 Mar 16. PMID: 26979713.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bulger EM, Guffey D, Guyette FX, MacDonald RD, Brasel K, Kerby JD, Minei JP, Warden C, Rizoli S, Morrison LJ, Nichol G, Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Impact of prehospital mode of transport after severe injury: a multicenter evaluation from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(3):567 – 73; discussion 573-5; quiz 803. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31824baddf. PMID: 22491538; PMCID: PMC3495608.

Chen X, Gestring ML, Rosengart MR, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB, Sperry JL, Brown JB. Speed is not everything: Identifying patients who may benefit from helicopter transport despite faster ground transport. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;84(4):549–557. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001769. PMID: 29251708.

Ciaraglia A, Lumbard D, Murala A, Moreira A, Rajasekaran K, Nicholson S, Moreira A. Comparison of helicopter and ground transportation in pediatric trauma patients. Pediatr Res. 2024;95(1):188–192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-023-02761-5. Epub 2023 Aug 3. PMID: 37537235.

Colnaric J, Bachir R, El Sayed M. Association between mode of transportation and outcomes in penetrating trauma across different prehospital time intervals: A matched cohort study. J Emerg Med. 2021;60(4):460–70. Epub 2021 Jan 26. PMID: 33509618.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis DP, Peay J, Serrano JA, Buono C, Vilke GM, Sise MJ, Kennedy F, Eastman AB, Velky T, Hoyt DB. The impact of aeromedical response to patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46(2):115 – 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.01.024. PMID: 16046940.

Di Bartolomeo S, Sanson G, Nardi G, Scian F, Michelutto V, Lattuada L. Effects of 2 patterns of prehospital care on the outcome of patients with severe head injury. Arch Surg. 2001;136(11):1293 – 300. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.136.11.1293. PMID: 11695976.

Dominguez OH, Grigorian A, Lekawa M, Schubl SD, Chin T, Kim DY, de Virgilio C, Nahmias J. Helicopter transport has decreased over time and transport from scene or hospital matters. Air Med J. 2020 Jul-Aug;39(4):283–90. Epub 2020 Apr 20. PMID: 32690305.

Duffens A, Grigorian A, de Virgilio C, Chin T, Kim D, Lekawa M, Schubl SD, Nahmias J. Association of Risk of Mortality in Pediatric Patients Transferred From Scene by Helicopter With Major But Not Minor Injuries. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022;38(1):e287-e291. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000002263. PMID: 33105460.

Elkbuli A, Dowd B, Sanchez C, Shaikh S, Sutherland M, McKenney M. Emergency medical service transport time and trauma outcomes at an urban level 1 trauma center: evaluation of prehospital emergency medical service response. Am Surg. 2022;88(6):1090–6. Epub 2021 Jan 31. PMID: 33517710.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Englum BR, Rialon KL, Kim J, Shapiro ML, Scarborough JE, Rice HE, Adibe OO, Tracy ET. Current use and outcomes of helicopter transport in pediatric trauma: a review of 18,291 transports. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;52(1):140–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.10.030. Epub 2016 Oct 27. PMID: 27852453.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Enomoto Y, Tsuchiya A, Tsutsumi Y, Ishigami K, Osone J, Togo M, Yasuda S, Inoue Y. Association between physician-staffed helicopter versus ground emergency medical services and mortality for pediatric trauma patients: A retrospective nationwide cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8):e0237192. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237192. PMID: 32785294; PMCID: PMC7423096.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Farach SM, Walford NE, Bendure L, Amankwah EK, Danielson PD, Chandler NM. Helicopter Transport From the Scene of Injury: Are There Improved Outcomes for Pediatric Trauma Patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018;34(5):344–348. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001190. PMID: 28590996.

Funder KS, Rasmussen LS, Lohse N, Hesselfeldt R, Siersma V, Gyllenborg J, Wulffeld S, Hendriksen OM, Lippert FK, Steinmetz J. The impact of a physician-staffed helicopter on outcome in patients admitted to a stroke unit: a prospective observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-017-0363-3. PMID: 28231814; PMCID: PMC5322627.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Funder KS, Rasmussen LS, Siersma V, Lohse N, Hesselfeldt R, Pedersen F, Hendriksen OM, Steinmetz J. Helicopter vs. ground transportation of patients bound for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018;62(4):568–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.13092. Epub 2018 Feb 27. PMID: 29484640; PMCID: PMC5888124.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Galvagno SM Jr, Haut ER, Zafar SN, Millin MG, Efron DT, Koenig GJ Jr, Baker SP, Bowman SM, Pronovost PJ, Haider AH. Association between helicopter vs ground emergency medical services and survival for adults with major trauma. JAMA. 2012;307(15):1602–1610. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.467. Erratum in: JAMA. 2022;328(1):79.