Janbon G, Quintin J, Lanternier F, d’Enfert C. Studying fungal pathogens of humans and fungal infections: fungal diversity and diversity of approaches. Microbes Infect. 2019;21:237–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lionakis MS, Drummond RA, Hohl TM. Immune responses to human fungal pathogens and therapeutic prospects. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023;23:433–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silva DL, Peres NTA, Santos DA. Key fungal coinfections: epidemiology, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and beyond. mBio. 2025;0:e00562–25.

Google Scholar 

Ahmed SH, El-Kholy IMA, El-Mehalawy AA, Mahmoud EM, Elkady NA. Molecular characterization of some multidrug resistant Candida auris in Egypt. Sci Rep. 2025;15:4917.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinto E, Monteiro C, Maia M, Faria MA, Lopes V, Lameiras C, et al. Aspergillus species and antifungals susceptibility in clinical setting in the North of portugal: cryptic species and emerging Azoles resistance in A. fumigatus. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1656.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Last A, Maurer M, Mosig S, Gresnigt AS, Hube M. In vitro infection models to study fungal-host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2021;45:fuab005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Torres M, de Cock H. Celis Ramírez AM. in vitro or in vivo models, the next frontier for unraveling interactions between malassezia spp. And hosts. How much Do We Know? J Fungi. 2020;6:155.

Google Scholar 

Mukherjee P, Roy S, Ghosh D, Nandi SK. Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review. Lab Anim Res. 2022;38:18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Modlinska K, Pisula W. The Norway rat, from an obnoxious pest to a laboratory pet. eLife 9:e50651.

Franco NH, Olsson IaS. Scientists and the 3Rs: attitudes to animal use in biomedical research and the effect of mandatory training in laboratory animal science. Lab Anim. 2014;48:50–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Hu D, Xu J, Hu J, Wang Y. Complex in vitro model: A transformative model in drug development and precision medicine. Clin Transl Sci. 2024;17:e13695.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baran SW, Brown PC, Baudy AR, Fitzpatrick SC, Frantz C, Fullerton A, et al. Perspectives on the evaluation and adoption of complex in vitro models in drug development: workshop with the FDA and the pharmaceutical industry (IQ MPS Affiliate). Altex. 2022;39:297–314.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Junqueira JC, Mylonakis E. Current status and trends in alternative models to study fungal pathogens. J Fungi. 2019;5:12.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bryda EC. The mighty mouse: the impact of rodents on advances in biomedical research. Mo Med. 2013;110:207–11.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Desoubeaux G, Cray C. Animal models of aspergillosis. Comp Med. 2018;68:109–23.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sarkar S, Heise MT. Mouse models as resources for studying infectious diseases. Clin Ther. 2019;41:1912–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rishiq A, Liu M, Mandelboim O. Enhancing immunity against Candida albicans infections through TIGIT knockout. mBio. 2024;15:e0116524.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shende R, Wong SSW, Meitei HT, Lal G, Madan T, Aimanianda V, et al. Protective role of host complement system in Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Front Immunol. 2022;13:978152.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sass G, Stevens DA. Model of pulmonary Co-Infection of Aspergillus and Pseudomonas in immunocompetent mice. Microbiol Res. 2023;14:1843–61.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Herbst S, Shah A, Carby M, Chusney G, Kikkeri N, Dorling A, et al. A new and clinically relevant murine model of solid-organ transplant aspergillosis. Dis Model Mech. 2013;6:643–51.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

King J, Dambuza IM, Reid DM, Yuecel R, Brown GD, Warris A. Detailed characterisation of invasive aspergillosis in a murine model of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease shows new insights in infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus versus Aspergillus Nidulans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1241770.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bercusson A, Williams TJ, Simmonds NJ, Alton EW, Griesenbach U, Shah A, et al. Increased NFAT and NFκB signalling contribute to the hyperinflammatory phenotype in response to Aspergillus fumigatus in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis. PLoS Pathog. 2025;21:e1012784.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

MacCallum DM. Mouse model of invasive fungal infection. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1031:145–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lange S, Inal JM. Animal models of human disease 2.0. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:13743.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alkhazraji S, Gebremariam T, Alqarihi A, Gu Y, Mamouei Z, Singh S, et al. Fosmanogepix (APX001) is effective in the treatment of immunocompromised mice infected with invasive pulmonary scedosporiosis or disseminated fusariosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64:e01735–19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alanís-Ríos SA, González GM, Montoya AM, Villanueva-Lozano H, de Treviño-Rangel R. Sertraline exhibits in vivo antifungal activity against Candida auris and enhances the effect of voriconazole in combination. Microb Pathog. 2025;199:107212.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paul RA, Madduri M, Kashyap N, Ramesh S, Rudramurthy SM, Roy U. Efficacy of two novel antifungal lipopeptides, AF and AF of bacillomycin D family in murine models of invasive candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis. APMIS. 2025;133:e13506.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soares J, Pinheiro A, Esteves PJ. The rabbit as an animal model to study innate immunity genes: is it better than mice? Front Immunol. 2022;13:981815.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Esteves PJ, Abrantes J, Baldauf H-M, BenMohamed L, Chen Y, Christensen N, et al. The wide utility of rabbits as models of human diseases. Exp Mol Med. 2018;50:66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu C-H, Sephton-Clark P, Tenor JL, Toffaletti DL, Giamberardino C, Haverkamp M et al. Gene expression of diverse Cryptococcus isolates during infection of the human central nervous system. mBio 12:e02313–21.

Loiseau A, Raîche-Marcoux G, Maranda C, Bertrand N, Boisselier E. Animal models in eye research: focus on corneal pathologies. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:16661.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Capilla J, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Animal models: an important tool in mycology. Med Mycol. 2007;45:657–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giamberardino CD, Schell WA, Tenor JL, Toffaletti DL, Palmucci JR, Marius C, et al. Efficacy of APX2039 in a rabbit model of Cryptococcal meningitis. mBio. 2022;13:e0234722.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mapara M, Thomas BS, Bhat KM. Rabbit as an animal model for experimental research. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012;9:111–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahn J-C, Mo SJ, Choi M, Kim B, Cho SB. In vivo Guinea pig model study for evaluating antifungal effect of a Dual-Diode laser with wavelengths of 405 Nm and 635 Nm on dermatophytosis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2023;16:1559–67.

Article