Interventional radiology (IR) is a medical specialty that uses imaging-guided, minimally invasive procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. IR procedures have been demonstrated to minimize adverse events, reduce health care costs, and provide valuable services in coordination with other medical specialties.1 However, their success is highly dependent on the clinician's experience and underlying skillset especially given the intricate nature of imaging-guided procedures.

The integration of robotic systems into IR, therefore, represents a significant technological opportunity that may help address such limitations. While the adoption of robotics into IR has been slower when compared to surgical specialties, there is growing interest in incorporating robotic systems due to their potential to enhance technical precision, standardize procedures, and reduce radiation exposure to healthcare workers.2 Moving beyond manual instrument control, remote-controlled and teleoperated robotic systems are now emerging as innovative tools with the potential to improve procedural outcomes and expand access to IR.

This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of remote-controlled and teleoperated robotic systems in interventional radiology. We will outline definitions of remote-controlled and teleoperated systems, describe the components that build these systems, and explore their current use in percutaneous and endovascular interventions. We will present relevant examples of how remote-controlled robotic systems have been employed in specific procedures and discuss the current state of teleoperated robotic systems. Finally, we will address the challenges of implementing teleoperated robotic systems in IR and suggest future directions for their integration into clinical practice.