Funding

No funding was received for conducting this study. F.B. received the 2022 Biostatistic/Informatics Junior Faculty Award (grant code BI-2107-38160) awarded by the National MS Society.

Conflicts of Interest

G.N. received speaker honoraria from Alexion, Roche, and Novartis; J.F. reports a relationship with Biogen, Bristol, Novartis, Genzyme, Merck, Teva, and Alexion that includes: board membership, consulting or advisory, and speaking and lecture fees; M.V. received compensation for travel grants or speaking activities from Biogen, Merck Serono, Roche, BMS Cellgene, Janssen, and Novartis; E.S.e. has received speaker honoraria and support for attending scientific meetings from Alexion. He serves as an editorial board member for BMC Neurology and Frontiers in Neurology and is a member of the Medical Advisory Board of the MOG project; R.F. received honoraria for advisory boards and consulting from Bristol MS, Roche, Merck, and Novartis; C.Z. reports that the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (employer) received compensation for speaking activities, consulting fees, or research grants from Almirall, Biogen Idec, Bristol Meyer Squibb, Lundbeck, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi, Teva Pharma, and Roche; E.S.i. reports a relationship with Almirall, Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis, and Teva that includes: board membership and travel reimbursement; L.B. received honoraria for speaking from Novartis, Roche, and Horizon and for traveling from Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Horizon, and Roche; she acted as an Advisory Board Member of Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, and Merck-Serono, and she is involved as principal investigator in clinical trials for Roche and Merck-Serono; M.L. has received honoraria from Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Almirall, and Bayer for consulting services, speaking, and/or travel support; S.B. reports a relationship with Novartis, Merck-Serono, Alexion, BMS, Biogen, Roche, Janssen-Cilag, and Horizon that includes: speaking and lecture fees and travel reimbursement; I.S. reports a relationship with Roche, Biogen, Horizon, Novartis, Hoya, Hippocrates Research, D.M.G Italia, Eyepharma, and DreamsLab that includes: consulting or advising; M.Ma. received fees from Novartis and Biogen Idec for speaking in scientific meetings; E.C. has received honoraria for consultancy or speaking from Bayer Biogen, Novartis, Sanofi, Merck, TEVA, Roche, Bristol, Janssen, and Alexion; M.G. received honoraria for the participation in advisory boards from Roche and UCB; P.S. has received speaker honoraria from Bayer and Zambon; M.C. received personal compensations from Novartis, Genzyme, and Teva and consulting fees from Zambon; A.d.S. received compensation for speaking and consulting by Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Alexion, and Sandoz and reimbursement by Merck, Biogen, Genzyme, and Roche for attending conferences; A.U. received grants (for his institution) from FISM, Biogen, Roche, Alexion, and Merck Serono; participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board (at his institution) for BD, Biogen, Iqvia, Sanofi, Roche, Alexion, and Bristol Myers Squibb; M.P.S. reports a relationship with Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Teva, Genzyme, Roche, Novartis, GeNeuro, and Medday that includes: consulting or advising. M.P.S. is also an Editorial Board Member of CNS Drugs. M.P.S. was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. F.B., C.S., M.M.i., F.N., G.G., A.B., P.G., A.L.S., G.S., L.G., A.F., G.M., A.R., G.A., and R.L. have no relevant financial interests to disclose.

Availability of Data and Material

Data are available upon reasonable request from the authors.

Ethics Approval

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, protocol 067REG2017.

Consent to Participate

Patients provided written consent to participate in the study.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Author Contributions

G.N.—drafting/revision of the manuscript for content, including medical writing for content; major role in the acquisition of data; study concept or design; analysis or interpretation of data; FB—drafting/revision of the manuscript for content, including medical writing for content; major role in the acquisition of data; study concept or design; analysis or interpretation of data; additional contributions: graphic presentation. C.S., J.F., M.M., F.N., M.V., G.G., A.B., P.G., A.L.S., R.F., G.S., L.G., E.S., L.B., M.L., S.B., I.S., M.M., E.C., A.F., G.M., A.R., P.S., M.C., G.A., R.L., A.d.S., and A.U.—drafting/revision of the manuscript for content, including medical writing for content; major role in the acquisition of data; E.S., M.G., M.P.S.—drafting/revision of the manuscript for content, including medical writing for content; major role in the acquisition of data; study concept or design; analysis or interpretation of data. All authors read and approved the final submitted paper and agree to be accountable for this work.