Bernal J. Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function. Nature clinical practice. 2007;3(3):249–59.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peeters RP. Subclinical Hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1404.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yen PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol Rev. 2001;81(3):1097–142.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoefig CS, Harder L, Oelkrug R, Meusel M, Vennstrom B, Brabant G, et al. Thermoregulatory and Cardiovascular Consequences of a Transient Thyrotoxicosis and Recovery in Male Mice. Endocrinology. 2016;157(7):2957–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiersinga WM. Paradigm shifts in thyroid hormone replacement therapies for hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(3):164–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiersinga WM, Duntas L, Fadeyev V, Nygaard B, Vanderpump MP. 2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism. European thyroid journal. 2012;1(2):55–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Circulation. 2007;116(15):1725–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2014;94(2):355–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Obregon MJ. Adipose tissues and thyroid hormones. Front Physiol. 2014;5:479.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dore R, Mittag J. Thyroid hormone receptors in control of heart rate. Endocrinology. 2024 Sep;165(9):bqae093.

Klieverik LP, Janssen SF, van Riel A, Foppen E, Bisschop PH, Serlie MJ, et al. Thyroid hormone modulates glucose production via a sympathetic pathway from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(14):5966–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lopez M, Varela L, Vazquez MJ, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Gonzalez CR, Velagapudi VR, et al. Hypothalamic AMPK and fatty acid metabolism mediate thyroid regulation of energy balance. Nat Med. 2010;16(9):1001–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mittag J, Lyons DJ, Sallstrom J, Vujovic M, Dudazy-Gralla S, Warner A, et al. Thyroid hormone is required for hypothalamic neurons regulating cardiovascular functions. J Clin Investig. 2013;123(1):509–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrison SA, Bashir M, Moussa SE, McCarty K, Pablo Frias J, Taub R, et al. Effects of resmetirom on noninvasive endpoints in a 36-Week Phase 2 Active Treatment Extension Study in Patients With NASH. Hepatol Commun. 2021;5(4):573–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harrison SA, Bashir MR, Guy CD, Zhou R, Moylan CA, Frias JP, et al. Resmetirom (MGL-3196) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10213):2012–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forrest D, Erway LC, Ng L, Altschuler R, Curran T. Thyroid hormone receptor beta is essential for development of auditory function. Nat Genet. 1996;13(3):354–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forrest D, Hanebuth E, Smeyne RJ, Everds N, Stewart CL, Wehner JM, et al. Recessive resistance to thyroid hormone in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor beta: evidence for tissue-specific modulation of receptor function. EMBO J. 1996;15(12):3006–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sap J, Munoz A, Damm K, Goldberg Y, Ghysdael J, Leutz A, et al. The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. Nature. 1986;324(6098):635–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alcaide Martin A, Mayerl S. Local thyroid hormone action in brain development. Int J Molecul Sci. 2023;24(15):12352.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dudazy-Gralla S, Nordstrom K, Hofmann PJ, Meseh DA, Schomburg L, Vennstrom B, et al. Identification of thyroid hormone response elements in vivo using mice expressing a tagged thyroid hormone receptor alpha1. Biosci Rep. 2013;33(2):e00027.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mendoza A, Hollenberg AN. New insights into thyroid hormone action. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;173:135–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mengeling BJ, Pan F, Privalsky ML. Novel mode of deoxyribonucleic acid recognition by thyroid hormone receptors: Thyroid hormone receptor β-isoforms can bind as trimers to natural response elements comprised of reiterated half-sites. Molecul Endocrinol. 2005;19(1):35–51.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yen PM, Ando S, Feng X, Liu Y, Maruvada P, Xia X. Thyroid hormone action at the cellular, genomic and target gene levels. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006;246(1–2):121–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chatonnet F, Guyot R, Benoit G, Flamant F. Genome-wide analysis of thyroid hormone receptors shared and specific functions in neural cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(8):E766–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flamant F, Gauthier K. Thyroid hormone receptors: the challenge of elucidating isotype-specific functions and cell-specific response. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2013;1830(7):3900–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flamant F, Quignodon L. Use of a new model of transgenic mice to clarify the respective functions of thyroid hormone receptors in vivo. Heart Fail Rev. 2010;15(2):117–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flamant F, Samarut J. Thyroid hormone receptors: lessons from knockout and knock-in mutant mice. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003;14(2):85–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abel ED, Boers ME, Pazos-Moura C, Moura E, Kaulbach H, Zakaria M, et al. Divergent roles for thyroid hormone receptor beta isoforms in the endocrine axis and auditory system. J Clin Investig. 1999;104(3):291–300.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abel ED, Kaulbach HC, Campos-Barros A, Ahima RS, Boers ME, Hashimoto K, et al. Novel insight from transgenic mice into thyroid hormone resistance and the regulation of thyrotropin. J Clin Investig. 1999;103(2):271–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dore R, Sentis SC, Johann K, Lopez-Alcantara N, Resch J, Chandrasekar A, Müller-Fielitz H, Moeller LC, Fuehrer D, Schwaninger M, Obermayer B. Partial resistance to thyroid hormone–induced tachycardia and cardiac hypertrophy in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor β. Thyroid. 2024;34(6):796–805.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dore R, Watson L, Hollidge S, Krause C, Sentis SC, Oelkrug R, et al. Resistance to thyroid hormone induced tachycardia in RTHalpha syndrome. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3312.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Go