Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989–1002.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gudzune KA, Kushner RF. Medications for obesity: a review. JAMA. 2024;332(7):571–84.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11–22.
Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, SURMOUNT-1 Investigators, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205–16.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ansari S, Khoo B, Tan T. Targeting the incretin system in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2024;20(8):447–59.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kusminski CM, Porez-Tilvo D, Muller TD, DiMarchi RD, Tschop MH, Scherer PE. Transforming obesity: The advancement of multi-receptor drugs. Cell. 2024;187(15):3829–53.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:2221–32.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Deanfield J, Verma S, Scirica BM, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial. Lancet. 2024;404(10454):773–86.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kosiborod MN, Abildstrøm SZ, Borlaug BA, et al. Semaglutide in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:1069–84.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kosiborod MN, Petrie MC, Borlaug BA, et al. Semaglutide in patients with obesity-related heart failure and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(15):1394–407.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, et al. Tirzepatide for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(5):427–37.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Colhoun HM, Lingvay I, Brown PM, et al. Long-term kidney outcomes of semaglutide in obesity and cardiovascular disease in the SELECT trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(7):2058–66.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(2):109-121.1.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mann JFE, Rossing P, Bakris G, et al. Effects of semaglutide with and without concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor use in participants with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease in the FLOW trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(10):2849–56.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. Tirzepatide for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:1193–205.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
le Roux CW, Steen O, Lucas KJ, Startseva E, Unseid Am Hennige AM. Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;12(3):162–73.
Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity - a phase 2 trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514–26.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wegovy label: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/215256s007lbl.pdf. Accessed 26 Apr 2025.
Zepbound label: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/217806s003lbl.pdf. Accessed 26 Apr 2025.
Guo H, Guo Q, Li Z, Wang Z. Association between different GLP-1 receptor agonists and acute pancreatitis: case series and real-world pharmacovigilance analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2024;13(15):1461398.
Lomeli LD, Komali AM, Tsushima Y, et al. The incidence of acute pancreatitis with GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy in individuals with a known history of pancreatitis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024;215:111806.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Kandler K, Konakli K, Lingvay I, McGowan BM, Oral TK, Rosenstock J, Wadden TA, Wharton S, Yokote K, Kushner RF, STEP 1 Study Group. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(8):1553–64.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414–25.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued treatment with tirzepatide for maintenance of weight reduction in adults with obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38–48.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Christoffersen BØ, Sanchez-Delgado G, John LM, Ryan DH, Raun K, Ravussin E. Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022;30(4):841–57.
Heymsfield SB, Gonzalez MC, Shen W, Redman L, Thomas D. Weight loss composition is one-fourth fat-free mass: a critical review and critique of this widely cited rule. Obes Rev. 2014;15(4):310–21.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yang YC, et al. Life-course trajectories of body mass index from adolescence to old age: Racial and educational disparities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2020167118.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alley DE, et al. A research agenda: the changing relationship between body weight and health in aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(11):1257–9.
Look AHEAD Research Group, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):145–54.
Wing RR, Look AHEAD Research Group. Does lifestyle intervention improve health of adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes? Findings from the look AHEAD randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021;29(8):1246–58.
Pownall HJ, Bray GA, Wagenknecht LE, Walkup MP, Heshka S, Hubbard VS, Hill J, Kahn SE, Nathan DM, Schwartz AV, Johnson KC, Look AHEAD Research Group. Changes in body composition over 8 years in a randomized trial of a lifestyle intervention: the look AHEAD study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(3):565–72.
Johnson KC, Bray GA, Cheskin LJ, Look AHEAD Study Group, et al. The effect of intentional weight loss on fracture risk in persons with diabetes: results from the Look AHEAD randomized clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(11):2278–87.
Neeland IJ, Linge J, Birkenfeld AL. Changes in lean body mass with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies and mitigation strategies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(Suppl. 4):16–27.
Comments (0)