Simmering JE, Polgreen LA, Hornick DB, Sewell DK, Polgreen PM. Weather-Dependent Risk for Legionnaires’ Disease United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(11):1843–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han XY. Solar and climate effects explain the wide variation in legionellosis incidence rates in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019;85(22):e01776-19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cann KF, Thomas DR, Salmon RL, Wyn-Jones AP, Kay D. Extreme water-related weather events and waterborne disease. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141(4):671–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moffa MA, Rock C, Galiatsatos P, Gamage SD, Schwab KJ, Exum NG. Legionellosis on the rise: a scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States. Epidemiol Infect. 2023;28(151):e133.

Article  Google Scholar 

Barskey AE, Derado G, Edens C. Rising incidence of legionnaires’ disease and associated epidemiologic patterns, United States, 1992–2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(3):527–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hicks LA, Rose CE, Fields BS, Drees ML, Engel JP, Jenkins PR, et al. Increased rainfall is associated with increased risk for legionellosis. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135(5):811–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cunha CB, Cunha BA. Legionnaire’s disease since Philadelphia. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017;31(1):1–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samuelsson J, Payne Hallström L, Marrone G, Gomes Dias J. Legionnaires’ disease in the EU/EEA*: increasing trend from 2017 to 2019. Eurosurveillance. 2023;28(11):2200114.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schoonmaker-Bopp D, Nazarian E, Dziewulski D, Clement E, Baker DJ, Dickinson MC, et al. Improvements to the success of outbreak investigations of legionnaires’ disease: 40 years of testing and investigation in New York State. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021;87(16):e00580-21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Centers for disease control and prevention; national center for immunization and respiratory diseases. Legionnaires’ disease surveillance summary report, 2018–2019. 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/health-depts/surv-reporting/2018-19-surv-report-508.pdf. Accessed 22 Sept 2024.

Mudali G, Kilgore PE, Salim A, McElmurry SP, Zervos M. Trends in legionnaires’ disease-associated hospitalizations, United States, 2006–2010. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(8):ofaa296.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collier SA, Deng L, Adam EA, Benedict KM, Beshearse EM, Blackstock AJ, et al. Estimate of burden and direct healthcare cost of infectious waterborne disease in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(1):140–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Soda EA, Barskey AE, Shah PP, Schrag S, Whitney CG, Arduino MJ, et al. Vital signs: health care-associated legionnaires’ disease surveillance data from 20 States and a large Metropolitan area—United States, 2015. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(8):2215–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benin AL, Benson RF, Besser RE. Trends in legionnaires disease, 1980–1998: declining mortality and new patterns of diagnosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(9):1039–46. https://doi.org/10.1086/342903.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gamage SD, Ambrose M, Kralovic SM, Simbartl LA, Roselle GA. Legionnaires disease surveillance in US department of veterans affairs medical facilities and assessment of health care facility association. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(2):e180230.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dominguez A, Alvarez J, Sabria M, Carmona G, Torner N, Oviedo M, et al. Factors influencing the case-fatality rate of legionnaires’ disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(3):407–12.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beer KD, Gargano JW, Roberts VA, Hill VR, Garrison LE, Kutty PK, et al. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water - United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(31):842–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stout J, Yu VL, Vickers RM, Zuravleff J, Best M, Brown A, et al. Ubiquitousness of Legionella pneumophila in the water supply of a hospital with endemic legionnaires’ disease. N Engl J Med. 1982;306(8):466–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Best M, Stout J, Muder R, Yu V, Goetz A, Taylor F. Legionellaceae in the hospital water-supply. Lancet. 1983;322(8345):307–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Squier CL, Stout JE, Krsytofiak S, McMahon J, Wagener MM, Dixon B, et al. A proactive approach to prevention of health care-acquired Legionnaires’ disease: the Allegheny County (Pittsburgh) experience. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33(6):360–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu VL. Resolving the controversy on environmental cultures for Legionella: a modest proposal. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19(12):893–7.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sehulster L, Chinn RYW, CDC, HICPAC. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR-10):1–42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12836624/.

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Legionellosis: Risk management for building water systems. Vols. 188–2015. ASHRAE: ASHRAE; 2015.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Requirement to reduce Legionella risk in health care facility water systems to prevent cases and outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease. 2017. Available from: https://www.cms.gov/medicare/provider-enrollment-and-certification/surveycertificationgeninfo/policy-and-memos-to-states-and-regions-items/survey-and-cert-letter-17-30-. Accessed 22 Sept 2024.

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Guideline 12, Minimizing the risk of legionellosis associated with building water systems. 2023.

The Joint Commission. Comprehensive accreditation manual for critical access hospitals: Environment of care (EC) Standard EC.02.05.02. Oakbrook Terrace, IL. 2022.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Environmental Health. Toolkit for Controlling Legionella in Common Sources of Exposure (Legionella Control Toolkit). 2021. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/control-legionella/php/toolkit/control-toolkit.html. Accessed 19 Sept 2024.

American Water Works Association, International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials. Manual of recommended practice for: The safe closure and reopening of building water systems. AWWA/IAPMO Manual. Denver, CO. 2022.

Crook B, Young C, Rideout C, Smith D. The Contribution of Legionella anisa to Legionella Contamination of Water in the Built Environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(8):1101.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Proctor CR, Rhoads WJ, Keane T, Salehi M, Hamilton K, Pieper KJ, et al. Considerations for large building water quality after extended stagnation. AWWA Water Sci. 2020;2(4):e1186.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kunz JM, Hannapel E, Vander Kelen P, Hils J, Hoover ER, Edens C. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on legionella water management program performance across a United States Lodging Organization. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(19):6885.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duda S, Kandiah S, Stout JE, Baron JL, Yassin M, Fabrizio M, et al. Evaluation of a new monochloramine generation system for controlling Legionella in building hot water systems. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(11):1356–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lytle DA, Pfaller S, Muhlen C, Struewing I, Triantafyllidou S, White C, et al. A comprehensive evaluation of monochloramine disinfection on water quality, Legionella and other important microorganisms in a hospital. Water Res. 2021;189:116656.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stout JE, Muder RR, Mietzner S, Wagener MM, Perri MB, DeRoos K, et al. Role of environmental surveillance in determining the risk of hospital-acquired legionellosis: a national surveillance study with clinical correlations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(7):818–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu VL, Plouffe JF, Pastoris MC, Stout JE, Schousboe M, Widmer A, et al. Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative survey. J Infect Dis. 2002;186(1):127–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Legionnaires’ disease. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2021. Stockholm. 2023. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/legionnaires-disease-annual-epidemiological-report-2021.

Yu VL, Stout JE. Legionella anisa and hospital water systems. J Infect Chemother. 2004;10(2):133.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

New York State Department of Health. Environmental health information related to legionellosis in healthcare facilities. Albany, NY. 2019. Available from: https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/legionella/docs/eh_info_healthcare_facilities.pdf.

Nagy DJ, Dziewulski DM, Codru N, Lauper UL. Understanding the distribution of positive Legionella samples in healthcare-premise water systems: using statistical analysis to determine a distribution for Legionella and to support sample size recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(1):63–8.

Article