Parasites and viruses carried by insects (mosquitoes) are responsible for transmitting severe infections, leading to thousands of deaths among different groups worldwide. The majority of communicable diseases is spread by vectors, with over 17% of all communicable diseases causing more than half a million deaths globally each year. WHO has named mosquitoes ‘Foremost nemesis’ (WHO, 1996). Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidences of mosquito transmissbale diseases have continued to increase globally (Ong et al., 2022). Inset (mosquito)-borne infectious diseases remain a foremost health threat, as insects (mosquitoes) play a major role in the spread of pathogens for diseases such as dengue and yellow fever, chikungunya, encephalitis, malaria and filariasis. These diseases are especially prevalent in temperate and semitropical areas but have significant impacts worldwide (Becker et al., 2010; Eze et al., 2014; WHO, 2018). The Anopheles, Culex and Aedes genera are the primary vectors for these diseases. Specifically, Aedes and Anopheles species primarily transmit viral pathogens and parasites respectively, while Culex species serve as a vector for both (WHO, 2018; Benelli et al., 2016).

Current mosquito control methods such as the use of nets, indoor spraying, repellents, insecticides, targeting breeding habitats and sound traps have had limited success (Soni and Prakash, 2010). This underscores the urgent need for new, effective agents and strategies to combat mosquito-borne diseases. Potential solutions include vaccines, sterile and genetically modified mosquitoes to reduce the reliance on insecticides. Consequently, alternative strategies for mosquito control are needed to address the limitations of current methods and reduce the environmental impact of chemical insecticides (Sultana et al., 2020; Airs and Bartholomay, 2017).

Plant-obtained essential oils (EOs) have emerged as hopeful candidates for controlling mosquito populations (WHO, 2011). Extracted from various plant species, these EOs have demonstrated significant effectiveness in repelling or killing mosquitoes and are increasingly being commercialized as natural repellents (Soonwera and Phasomkusolsil, 2015). Historically, botanical extracts have been key components of herbal remedies and are now recognized as viable substitutes for synthetic chemicals (Rehman et al., 2014; Ntalli et al., 2011). EOs are valued for their eco-friendly attributes, including biodegradability and low toxicity to mammals (Isman et al., 2007; Koliopoulos et al., 2010). They serve multiple functions, such as repelling insects, inducing mortality, deterring egg-laying and inhibiting growth and reproduction (Kamsuk et al., 2007; Gleiser et al., 2011). EOs are highly favored by organic and environmentally aware consumers due to their felicitous use in homes, metropolitan areas and other susceptible environments. These volatile compounds are naturally present in various floral families, including Zingiberaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, Asteraceae, Cupressaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Apiaceae, Poaceae and Piperaceae (Baz et al., 2022; Khater, 2012). EOs, which are rich in secondary metabolites, are commonly derived from various plant parts using methods such as steam distillation or hydrodistillation. Known for their complex chemical profiles, these EOs exhibit diverse biological activities, including antifeedant, antibacterial, insecticidal, and antifungal properties. As a natural and effective replacement for synthetic chemicals, EOs offer a promising approach to pest management (Vivekanandhan et al., 2018a; Costa et al., 2024; Vivekanandhan et al., 2024a). Consequently, the development of natural pesticides using advanced methodologies has become a key strategy for controlling vector populations. This transition to bio-insecticides not only furnishes a sustainable alternative for pest control but also aligns with public health goals and promotes environmental conservation (Martínez Rodríguez et al., 2022; Şengul Demirak and Canpolat, 2022). In general, plant-derived EOs have garnered significant interest as promising mosquito larvicides and repellents (Li et al., 2022).

Maranta arundinacea L. (Marantaceae), commonly known as arrowroot, has been utilized since ancient times (Mathew et al., 2009; Conti et al., 2010; Rajkumar and Jebanesan, 2005; Pushpanathan et al., 2006). Native to regions such as Florida, Brazil, Southeast Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and the West Indies, arrowroot is characterized by its starchy rhizomes (Moore et al., 2002; Omolo et al., 2004). It is valued not only for its medicinal properties in treating various stomach and urinary tract issues but also as a nutritious food source due to its high digestibility. The rhizomes are rich in starch, making them a cost-effective option for starch extraction used in products like biscuits and weaning snacks (Shintu et al., 2015). Arrowroot can aid digestion, support convalescents with nourishing meals and is beneficial for skin conditions such as rashes and blisters (Puspitasari et al., 2019). Additionally, it may aid in lowering cholesterol levels, weight loss and reducing heart diseases (Campbell, 1929). Due to its bland flavor, arrowroot can be easily incorporated into diets for those experiencing sensitivity or nausea. Beyond culinary uses, starch derived from arrowroot plays an imperative role in the development of barium meals and tablets. One study suggests that arrowroot flour may also possess prebiotic properties (Erdman, 1985). Rich in essential minerals like iron, zinc and magnesium, arrowroot supports healthy development and growth, making it a suitable replacement for breast milk in young children (Hamrmayani et al., 2011). This shade-loving plant is resilient against various pests and diseases and is considered safe for both internal and external applications, with no known adverse effects (Erdman, 1984). Historically, arrowroot has been used as a remedy for arrows (poisoned) and has proven useful against spider bites and scorpion venom (Shanthakumari et al., 2007; Shereen et al., 2018). Medicinal preparations from arrowroot are applied topically to alleviate discomfort in gums and lips, reduce stomach pain and heartburn, decrease inflammation in the digestive tract, aid digestion, act as a laxative, promote wound healing and exhibit antibacterial properties (Da Silva Costa et al., 2020; Rahman et al., 2015). The root is also noted for its cytotoxic and anti-arthritic effects (Jayakumar et al., 2017). Furthermore, phenolic compounds present in the plant exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including antibacterial, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects (Francis et al., 2020). The main aim of this research was to check the toxicity of EO derived from M. arundinacea against juvenile stages (Egg, larvae and pupae) of three mosquito species belong toAnopheles, Culex and Aedes genera.