Stevens DL, Bryant AE (2017) Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections. N Engl J Med 377:2253–2265. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1600673

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

May AK, Talisa VB, Wilfret DA, Bulger E, Dankner W, Bernard A, Yende S (2021) Estimating the Impact of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections in the United States: Incidence and Re-Admissions. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 22:509–515. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2020.099

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nawijn F, Verhiel S, Lunn KN, Eberlin KR, Hietbrink F, Chen NC (2020) Factors Associated with Mortality and Amputation Caused by Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections of the Upper Extremity: A Retrospective Cohort Study. World J Surg 44:730–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-019-05256-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nawijn F, Smeeing DPJ, Houwert RM, Leenen LPH, Hietbrink F (2020) Time is of the essence when treating necrotizing soft tissue infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Emerg Surg 15:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-019-0286-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, Agastra E, Abu-Zidan FM, Abbas AES, Ansaloni L, Adesunkanmi AK, Augustin G, Bala M et al (2022) WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg 17:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-022-00406-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McClain SL, Bohan JG, Stevens DL (2016) Advances in the medical management of skin and soft tissue infections. BMJ 355:i6004. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Goldstein EJ (2021) Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 35:135–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2020.10.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDermott J, Kao LS, Keeley JA, Grigorian A, Neville A, de Virgilio C (2024) Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: A Review. JAMA Surg 159:1308–1315. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2024.3365

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones J (1869) Observations upon the losses of the Confederate armies from battle, wounds and disease during the American Civil War of 1861–1865, with investigations upon the number and character of the diseases supervening upon gun-shot wounds. Richmond Louisvil Med J 8:340–358

Google Scholar 

Nawijn F, Hietbrink F, Peitzman AB, Leenen LPH (2021) Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections, the Challenge Remains. Front Surg 8:721214. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2021.721214

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fournier JA (1883) Gangrène foudroyante de la verge. Semin Med 3:345–348

Google Scholar 

Breyre A, Frazee BW (2018) Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Emergency Department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 36:723–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bassetti M, Giacobbe DR, Larosa B, Lamarina A, Vena A, Brucci G (2025) The reemergence of Streptococcus pyogenes in skin and soft tissue infections: a review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management strategies. Curr Opin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000001095

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bekker MA, Rai S, Arbous MS, Georgousopoulou EN, Pilcher DV, van Haren FMP (2021) Annual prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of intensive care patients with skin or soft tissue infections in Australia and New Zealand: A retrospective cohort study between 2006–2017. Aust Crit Care 34:403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2020.10.013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Groupe Francophone de Reanimation et Urgences, P Reseau Meres-Enfants de la, F, Dauger S, Blonde R, Brissaud O, Marcoux MO, Angoulvant F, Levy M (2021) Necrotizing soft-tissue infections in pediatric intensive care: a prospective multicenter case-series study. Crit Care 25:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03562-0

Article  Google Scholar 

Bruun T, Rath E, Madsen MB, Oppegaard O, Nekludov M, Arnell P, Karlsson Y, Babbar A, Bergey F, Itzek A et al (2021) Risk Factors and Predictors of Mortality in Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft-tissue Infections: A Multicenter Prospective Study. Clin Infect Dis 72:293–300. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa027

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagira K, Ogoshi T, Akahori K, Enokida S, Enokida M, Ueda T, Homma M, Nagashima H (2023) Factors associated with mortality in patients with extremity necrotizing soft-tissue infections: a single academic center experience. Langenbecks Arch Surg 408:189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-023-02929-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morgan MS (2010) Diagnosis and management of necrotising fasciitis: a multiparametric approach. J Hosp Infect 75:249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.01.028

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giuliano A, Lewis F, Hadley K, Blaisdell FW (1977) Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg 134:52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(77)90283-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tessier JM, Sanders J, Sartelli M, Ulrych J, De Simone B, Grabowski J, Buckman S, Duane TM (2020) Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: A Focused Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Operative Management, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Pediatrics. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 21:81–93. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2019.219

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanchez DP, Tookes H, Pastar I, Lev-Tov H (2021) Wounds and Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in People Who Inject Drugs and the Utility of Syringe Service Programs in Their Management. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 10:571–582. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2020.1243

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goh T, Goh LG, Ang CH, Wong CH (2014) Early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Br J Surg 101:e119-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9371

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdalla TSA, Groteluschen R, Abdalla ASA, Melling N, Izbicki JR, Bachmann K (2023) Prognostic factors for intraoperative detection of necrotizing fasciitis in severe soft tissue infections. PLoS One 18:e0285048. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285048

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bulger EM, May A, Bernard A, Cohn S, Evans DC, Henry S, Quick J, Kobayashi L, Foster K, Duane TM et al (2015) Impact and Progression of Organ Dysfunction in Patients with Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: A Multicenter Study. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 16:694–701. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2015.098

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang LY, Zheng WJ, Li K, JianPing Y, Qiu ZM, Zhao GJ, Jin PP, Chen LW, Tang YH, Hong GL et al (2024) Risk model for predicting mortality in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit. Burns 50:578–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2023.11.008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wall DB, Klein SR, Black S, de Virgilio C (2000) A simple model to help distinguish necrotizing fasciitis from nonnecrotizing soft tissue infection. J Am Coll Surg 191:227–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1072-7515(00)00318-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong CH, Khin LW, Heng KS, Tan KC, Low CO (2004) The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med 32:1535–1541. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000129486.35458.7d

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim DY, Iavasile A, Kaji AH, Nahmias J, Grigorian A, Mukherjee K, Penaloza L, Posluszny J, Logan CD, Michelin E et al (2024) Prospective derivation and validation of a NECROtizing Soft tissue InfectionS (NECROSIS) score: An EAST multicenter trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000004374

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee B, Hershey D, Patel A, Pierce H, Rhee KE, Fisher E (2020) Reducing Unnecessary Testing in Uncomplicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: A Quality Improvement Approach. Hosp Pediatr 10:129–137. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2019-0179

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

IS Group, Rath E, Palma Medina LM, Jahagirdar S, Mosevoll KA, Damas JK, Madsen MB, Svensson M, Hyldegaard O, Martins Dos Santos VAP et al (2023) Systemic immune activation profiles in streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections: A prospective multicenter study. Clin Immunol 249:109276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2023.109276

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brands SR, Nawijn F, Foppen W, Hietbrink F (2024) No role for standard imaging workup of patients with clinically evident necrotizing soft tissue infections: a national retrospective multicenter cohort study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 50:875–885.