Hu K, Ding P, Wu Y, Tian W, Pan T, Zhang S. Global patterns and trends in the breast cancer incidence and mortality according to sociodemographic indices: an observational study based on the global burden of diseases. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10): e028461.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Filho AM, Laversanne M, Ferlay J, Colombet M, Piñeros M, Znaor A, et al. The GLOBOCAN 2022 cancer estimates: data sources, methods, and a snapshot of the cancer burden worldwide. Int J Cancer. 2025;156(7):1336–46.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. Erratum to "IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;204:110945.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shikata K, Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y. Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: review of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Sci. 2013;104(1):9–14.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaiswal P, Tripathi V, Nayak A, Kataria S, Lukashevich V, Das AK, et al. A molecular link between diabetes and breast cancer: therapeutic potential of repurposing incretin-based therapies for breast cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2021;21(10):829–48.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu L, Zhu X, Wu Y. Effects of glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and glutamine metabolism on tumor microenvironment and clinical implications. Biomolecules. 2022;12(4):580.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang DQ, Noureddin N, Ajmera V, Amangurbanova M, Bettencourt R, Truong E, et al. Type 2 diabetes, hepatic decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(9):829–36.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Samuel SM, Varghese E, Varghese S, Büsselberg D. Challenges and perspectives in the treatment of diabetes associated breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018;70:98–111.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carreras-Torres R, Johansson M, Gaborieau V, Haycock PC, Wade KH, Relton CL, et al. The role of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic factors in pancreatic cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murphy N, Song M, Papadimitriou N, Carreras-Torres R, Langenberg C, Martin RM, et al. Associations between glycemic traits and colorectal cancer: a mendelian randomization analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2022;114(5):740–52.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chang AY, Skirbekk VF, Tyrovolas S, Kassebaum NJ, Dieleman JL. Measuring population ageing: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet Publ Health. 2019;4(3):e159–67.

Google Scholar 

Picon-Ruiz M, Morata-Tarifa C, Valle-Goffin JJ, Friedman ER, Slingerland JM. Obesity and adverse breast cancer risk and outcome: mechanistic insights and strategies for intervention. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(5):378–97.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kresovich JK, Xu Z, O’Brien KM, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Methylation-Based biological age and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019;111(10):1051–8.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahadi S, Zhou W, Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose SM, Sailani MR, Contrepois K, Avina M, et al. Personal aging markers and ageotypes revealed by deep longitudinal profiling. Nat Med. 2020;26(1):83–90.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kresovich JK, O’Brien KM, Xu Z, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Changes in methylation-based aging in women who do and do not develop breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2023;115(11):1329–36.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuo CL, Pilling LC, Liu Z, Atkins JL, Levine ME. Genetic associations for two biological age measures point to distinct aging phenotypes. Aging Cell. 2021;20(6): e13376.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf BAR, Yarmolinsky J, Davies NM, Swanson SA, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement. JAMA. 2021;326(16):1614–21.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakaue S, Kanai M, Tanigawa Y, Karjalainen J, Kurki M, Koshiba S, et al. A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes. Nat Genet. 2021;53(10):1415–24.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, Ahearn TU, Lecarpentier J, Barnes D, Beesley J, Qi G, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses. Nat Genet. 2020;52(6):572–81.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey SG. Reading Mendelian randomized studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. Bmj. 2018;362:601.

Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Dudbridge F, Thompson SG. Combining information on multiple instrumental variables in Mendelian randomized: comparison of allele score and summarised data methods. Med Statist. 2016;35(11):1880–906.

Google Scholar 

Tudzarova S, Osman MA. The double trouble of metabolic diseases: the diabetes-cancer link. Mol Biol Cell. 2015;26(18):3129–39.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith U, Gale EA. Cancer and diabetes: are we ready for prime time? Diabetologia. 2010;53(8):1541–4.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liao S, Li J, Wei W, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li J, et al. Association between diabetes mellitus and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the literature. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(4):1061–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyle P, Boniol M, Koechlin A, Robertson C, Valentini F, Coppens K, et al. Diabetes and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2012;107(9):1608–17.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao XB, Ren GS. Diabetes mellitus and prognosis in women with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2016;95(49):5602.

Google Scholar 

Rivenbark AG, O’Connor SM, Coleman WB. Molecular and cellular heterogeneity in breast cancer: challenges for personalised medicine. Am J Pathol. 2013;183(4):1113–24.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu J, Huang K, Cai GY, Chen XM, Yang JR, Lin LR, et al. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products promotes premature senescence of proximal tubular epithelial cells via activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent p21 signaling. Cell Signal. 2014;26(1):110–21.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Römer A, Linn T, Petry SF. Lipotoxic impairment of mitochondrial function in β-cells: a review. Antioxidants. 2021;10(2):293.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma Z, Zhu C, Wang H, Ji M, Huang Y, Wei X, et al. Association between biological aging and lung cancer risk: Cohort study and Mendelian randomization analysis. iScience. 2023;26(3):106018.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Miller KD, Kramer JL, Newman LA, Minihan A, et al. Breast cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(6):524–41.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim DS, Scherer PE. Obesity, diabetes, and increased cancer progression. Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):799–812.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park YM, Bookwalter DB, O’Brien KM, Jackson CL, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. A prospective study of type 2 diabetes, metformin use, and risk of breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(3):351–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hadad SM, Hardie DG, Appleyard V, Thompson AM. Effects of metformin on breast cancer cell proliferation, the AMPK pathway and the cell cycle. Clin Transl Oncol. 2014;16(8):746–52.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu B, Fan Z, Edgerton SM, Deng XS, Alimova IN, Lind SE, et al. Metformin induces unique biological and molecular responses in triple negative breast cancer cells. Cell Cycle. 2009;8(13):2031–40.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar